Investigation of a strategy for improving the Size Korea anthropometric database

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

It is important for the designers and manufacturers to produce products with good usability and fit. The Korean anthropometric database is important as Korean industries focus on developing products with better usability.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate how well the present national Size Korea anthropometric database adopted by companies and industries in Korea, in particular how well the dynamic anthropometric data are adopted.

METHODS:

The investigation methodology consisted of three stages: literature review, expert review and in-depth interviews. The literature review was based on a PubMed search. An online survey of 1,000 Korean civilians was carried out using a questionnaire developed by experts in anthropometry. Finally, industry professionals and professors participated in in-depth interviews.

RESULTS:

The anthropometric data appear to be used mainly by universities and research institutions in Korea. Many industries including the automobile, medical, shipping, mattress and construction industries need dynamic anthropometric data, such as range of motion, angle between body parts, spinal curvature, centre of pressure and so on.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Size Korea database-building process needs to be modified to take into account the needs of companies and industries.

Keywords

Dynamic anthropometry Size Korea database range of motion industrial application

1 Introduction

Anthropometry is the measurement of the dimensions of the body and other physical characteristics. It is further classified into two types: structural and functional [1]. Structural anthropometry is the measurement of body dimensions in a series of static postures and dynamic anthropometry is the measurement of body dimensions when the body is in motion. For example, the height, length and the distance between joints are considered structural anthropometric data whereas reach envelope, functional reach capability, range of motion (ROM) and clearance are considered dynamic anthropometric data. In developed countries collection of dynamic anthropometric data for industrial purposes began in 1931, but in South Korea it did not start until 1996. Van Cott and Kinkade [2] reported that having access to dynamic anthropometric data is important to efforts to improve the usability of products. Product development focuses on developing products with better usability, i.e., on improving the interaction between the user and the product.

In Korea the percentage of the population classed as elderly is expected to grow from 9.4% in 2005 to 14.4% in 2019 and to reach 35.1% by 2050 [3]. Korea is not only ageing faster than any other country in the world, it is also expected to become the most aged country by the mid-twenty-first century [4]. As older people’s mobility decreases they find it increasingly difficult to use bathroom facilities safely and conveniently so it is important to consider their anthropometry when designing it. Knowledge about human interactions with the physical world such as that captured by dynamic anthropometric data is essential to the design of products and equipment for aged people [5] and for other applications for people of all age groups.

Many dynamic anthropometry studies have been conducted around the world. Hertzberg [6] reported on the dynamic anthropometry of working positions. Dempster [7] reported that dynamic anthropometric data could be used to improve human comfort and reduce workers’ fatigue. Yoon et al. [1] reported that dynamic anthropometric data were useful in the development of industrial products. Table 1 compares the literature on Korean dynamic anthropometric data with that on other countries. Dynamic anthropometric data can be used to improve the design of workplaces, tools and equipment, which will have an indirect, positive impact on workers’ well-being, increase productivity and bring about overall process improvements [8]. There have been lots of applications of dynamic anthropometric data, yet Korean industries make limited use of such data. The success of any country’s national sizing survey or national anthropometric database is dependent largely on companies’ and industries’ use of the data in design work and at present the South Korean anthropometric database (Size Korea) is used mainly by universities and research institutions, rather than industry.

Table 1
Comparison between Korea and other countries

Papers in USA and Europe Papers in Korea

Author Year Number of participants Author Year Number of participants

Sinelnikoff and Grigorowitsch [9] 1931 100 Lee et al. [10] 1996 54

Glanville and George [11] 1937 10 Kee [12] 1996 47

Barter et al., [13] 1957 39 Kee [14] 1997 19

Harris [15] 1969 147 KRISS [16] 1999 80

Staff [17] 1983 100 Park and Ryu [18] 2000 40

Dwelly et al [19]. 2009 48 Ryu and Park [20] 2000 40

Hammerberg et al. [21] 2010 84 Yoon et al., [1] 2002 188

Soucie et al. [22] 2011 674 Kee [23] 2002 10

Hossain et al., [24] 2012 342 Son and Kim [25] 2005 227

King et al. [26] 2014 136 Kim [27] 2009 10

Papers in USA and Europe	Papers in Korea
Sinelnikoff and Grigorowitsch [9]	1931	100	Lee et al. [10]	1996	54
Glanville and George [11]	1937	10	Kee [12]	1996	47
Barter et al., [13]	1957	39	Kee [14]	1997	19
Harris [15]	1969	147	KRISS [16]	1999	80
Staff [17]	1983	100	Park and Ryu [18]	2000	40
Dwelly et al [19].	2009	48	Ryu and Park [20]	2000	40
Hammerberg et al. [21]	2010	84	Yoon et al., [1]	2002	188
Soucie et al. [22]	2011	674	Kee [23]	2002	10
Hossain et al., [24]	2012	342	Son and Kim [25]	2005	227
King et al. [26]	2014	136	Kim [27]	2009	10

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which companies and industries in Korea use the present national sizing database (Size Korea). The investigation consisted of a literature review, an expert review of selected questionnaire items, in-depth interviews and an online survey. We investigated the automobile industry, construction companies, car seat manufacturers, medical device manufacturers and home appliance manufacturers, amongst others.

2 Method

The investigation method consisted of three stages: a literature review, an expert review and in-depth interviews.

2.1 Literature review

A systematic search for literature on dynamic anthropometry was conducted on 19 August 2013 in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), using the following keywords and combinations thereof, as shown in (Fig. 1): “dynamic anthropometry”, “dynamic anthropometry application”, “applicability of anthropometric data”, “furniture”, “design”, “automobile” and “helmet”. The literature search was restricted to the period 2003 to 2013 and to articles written in English. Three hundred and fifty-two articles were retrieved. This number was reduced to 106 based on the titles, then to 66 based on the Abstracts and finally to 39 articles based on the full texts (Fig. 1).

Fig.1

Methodology of literature review.

2.2 Questionnaire

The questionnaire was developed by experts with more than 10 years’ experience in the field of anthropometry. The questionnaire assessed personal factors, need for dynamic anthropometry at work and applications (Fig. 2). The questionnaire consisted of two items; (1) Do you know the project called Size Korea? and (2) Do you need dynamic anthropometry data in your work field? The online survey was administered by a survey agency. One thousand respondents (male: 505; female: 495) were recruited from the general population (Table 2).

Fig.2

Methodology of developed questionnaire.

Table 2

The demography of participants

	Number of samples	Rate (%)
Sex
Male	505	50.5
Female	495	49.5
Age (years)
20–29	256	25.6
30–39	280	28.0
40–49	273	27.3
50–59	191	19.1
Level of education
High school graduated	148	14.8
College graduated	164	16.4
University graduated	573	57.3
Graduate school	115	11.5
Occupation
Private business	155	15.5
Sales and service	53	5.3
Technical post	135	13.5
Office clerk	300	30.0
Government employee	52	5.2
Specialized job	112	11.2
Homemaker	32	3.2
Student	92	9.2
Others	69	6.9

2.3 In-depth interviews

To discover how the anthropometric databases are used in industry and universities we carried out in-depth interviews with industry professionals and two university professors. The interview topics were sent to the respondents in about a week in advance to enable them to prepare.

3 Results

Dynamic anthropometric data are used in a wide variety of ways by industry. The results of the literature review of industrial applications of dynamic anthropometric data are shown in (Fig. 3).

Fig.3

Trends of dynamic anthropometry data used in different applications.

The industries using anthropometric data include the automobile, garment, furniture, medicine, standard and service station industries. The automotive industry looks at postural angles during driving, specifically the angles of joints such as the knees and shoulder, the angles of the pelvis and waist, and the visual field. The garment industry looks at the range of motion of the various body parts including the arms, legs, neck, waist and shoulders in order to design the clothes worn by aircraft pilot and to inform changes to the patterns and materials used in making garments for the general population. The furniture industry could use dynamic anthropometric data to design products (chairs, cupboards, wardrobes, desks, etc.) for the general population and for disabled and older adults. The medical industry could use data on spinal curvature, growth rate, obesity, body malformation and rehabilitation from the dynamic anthropometry database.

3.1 Online survey

The online survey indicated that over 80% of respondents were unaware of the Size Korea project (Table 3).

Table 3
The response rate for the question about knowing the project called Size Korea

Number of samples Yes (%) No (%) Rate (%)

Total 1,000 14.4 85.6 100

Sex

Male 505 14.7 85.3 100

Female 495 14.1 85.9 100

Age (Years)

20–29 256 12.1 87.9 100

30–39 280 11.1 88.9 100

40–49 273 16.1 83.9 100

50–59 191 19.9 80.1 100

Level of education

High school graduated 148 11.5 88.5 100

College graduated 164 14.6 85.4 100

University graduated 573 14.7 85.3 100

Graduate school 115 16.5 83.5 100

	Number of samples	Yes (%)	No (%)	Rate (%)
Total	1,000	14.4	85.6	100
Sex
Male	505	14.7	85.3	100
Female	495	14.1	85.9	100
Age (Years)
20–29	256	12.1	87.9	100
30–39	280	11.1	88.9	100
40–49	273	16.1	83.9	100
50–59	191	19.9	80.1	100
Level of education
High school graduated	148	11.5	88.5	100
College graduated	164	14.6	85.4	100
University graduated	573	14.7	85.3	100
Graduate school	115	16.5	83.5	100

Over 70% of the respondents indicated that they needed anthropometric data in their field of work (Table 4).

Table 4

The response rate for the question about needing dynamic anthropometry

	Number of samples	Yes (%)	No (%)	Rate (%)
Total	1,000	71.8	28.2	100
Sex
Male	505	69.3	30.7	100
Female	495	74.3	25.7	100
Age (Years)
20–29	256	67.2	32.8	100
30–39	280	68.6	31.4	100
40–49	273	74.7	25.3	100
50–59	191	78.5	21.5	100
Level of education
High school graduated	148	66.2	33.8	100
College graduated	164	70.1	29.9	100
University graduated	573	74.2	25.8	100
Graduate school	115	69.6	30.4	100

3.2 In-depth interviews and descriptive questionnaire

In-depth interviews with industry professionals and university professors were carried out. The in-depth interview results were classified according to the field in which the interviewee worked: automobile assembly line, automotive seat design, design of seating for heavy equipment, mattress manufacturing, medicine, shipping industry and skyscraper. The dynamic anthropometry data requested by these professionals are summarized below (Table 5).

Table 5
The extracted data from in-depth interviews

Items Picture

Automobile assembly line
ROM for A-pillar assembly.

push force for car assembly

Automobile seat design
the angle of the thigh and calf – ①

the angle of the thigh and pelvis – ②

driver when seated in the contact area – ③

the angle of the arm and shoulder – ④

ankle angle according to the angle of the knee – ⑤

Heavy equipment industry
the angle of the thigh and calf – ①

the angle of the thigh and pelvis – ②

driver when seated in the contact area – ③

the angle of the arm and shoulder – ④

ankle angle according to the angle of the knee – ⑤

ROM of equipment operation in neck, arm, foot and so on – ⑥

Mattress industry
ROM when one person is lying down

ROM when two persons are lying down

spine curvature by using X-ray picture

Ship industry
knee bend angle in welding posture – ①

wrist angle when welding in welding posture – ②

neck bending angle in welding posture – ③

The size and ROM of the work place – ④

Medical industry
waist side bending angle – ①

wrist angle during probe operation – ②

arm abduction angle – ③

neck angle and ROM during probe operation – ④

elbow angle of the left arm – ⑤

The force of the right arm during probe operation – ⑥

Construction Sites
Scaffold workers ROM data

Scaffold workers Centre of Pressure (or Centre of Mass) data

	Items	Picture
Automobile assembly line	ROM for A-pillar assembly. push force for car assembly
Automobile seat design	the angle of the thigh and calf – ① the angle of the thigh and pelvis – ② driver when seated in the contact area – ③ the angle of the arm and shoulder – ④ ankle angle according to the angle of the knee – ⑤
Heavy equipment industry	the angle of the thigh and calf – ① the angle of the thigh and pelvis – ② driver when seated in the contact area – ③ the angle of the arm and shoulder – ④ ankle angle according to the angle of the knee – ⑤ ROM of equipment operation in neck, arm, foot and so on – ⑥

Mattress industry	ROM when one person is lying down ROM when two persons are lying down spine curvature by using X-ray picture

Ship industry	knee bend angle in welding posture – ① wrist angle when welding in welding posture – ② neck bending angle in welding posture – ③ The size and ROM of the work place – ④
Medical industry	waist side bending angle – ① wrist angle during probe operation – ② arm abduction angle – ③ neck angle and ROM during probe operation – ④ elbow angle of the left arm – ⑤ The force of the right arm during probe operation – ⑥
Construction Sites	Scaffold workers ROM data Scaffold workers Centre of Pressure (or Centre of Mass) data

4 Discussion

In Korea collection of dynamic anthropometric data began in 1996 and demand from industry for data relevant to diverse applications is increasing [28 –37]. This study summarizes industry’s requirements for dynamic anthropometry data.

First, workers on automotive assembly lines need to follow specific procedures, which involve various body movements, in order to assemble the automotive A-pillar. They spend extended periods of time executing the same set of movements repeatedly, which leads to fatigue. Shift schedules should include adequate breaks in order to protect workers’ health. Hence, dynamic anthropometric data including ROM and push force are needed. These data could assist in planning break times and shift schedules, preventing musculoskeletal disorders and reducing work injuries [28].

Second, the automotive seat manufacturing industry requires various ROM data and body part angles of the Korean population, especially relating to the head, neck, torso, hips, knees and ankles. Car designers use American data on body size and angles when designing for the Korean market. Seats designed using American body dimensions are not comfortable for Koreans due to the anthropometric differences. It has reported that there are small inter-country variations in anthropometric data [38, 39]. Third, the heavy equipment industry requires data on the ROM and reach envelope of operators seated in heavy-duty vehicles. Many accidents have occurred due to lack of easy access to control buttons. The touch buttons on most cranes have no protection against accidental or unintended operation, which causes major accidents (Fig. 4). Nordin and Olsson [29] reported that the relationship between the workplace and body measurements (particularly body positions) should be assessed when at work. It has also been reported that it is difficult to develop products and work environments for humans based on average body size. Hence, the heavy equipment industry needs detailed ROM and reach envelope data related to a seated posture categorised by variables including age, gender etc. Changes to designs based on these data could prevent accidents and reduce critical risks.

Fig.4

Location of release button for a crane bucket.

Fourth, mattress makers requested data on spinal curvature and ROM. Spinal curvature data are used to classify and select mattresses. [30 –32] Mattress size can be decided using ROM data with one or two people lying on the mattress. Sleep quality plays a significant role in health and well-being. There are various environmental factors that affect sleep quality, including humidity, light and temperature. People are highly sensitive to sleep environment and mattress quality and so taking anthropometric data into account in mattress design should improve sleep quality.

Fifth, the shipbuilding industry requires ROM data (knee, wrist and neck) of welding workers organised by age group; these data are used to improve the design of the work environment. According to the Korean Occupational Safety & Health Agency [33], the death rate (per thousand workers) in the shipbuilding industry is very high (Table 6). It is also reported that a poor work environment for welders can lead to musculoskeletal disorders or death. Hence, welding workers need greater supervision. Dynamic anthropometric data could be used to make the design of devices, assistance tools and industrial dollies used by welders more ergonomic and thus reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries.

Table 6

Descriptive statistical data of industrial accidents

	Number of companies	Number of workers	Number of accidents	Deaths	Deaths per thousand
Vessel	6,633	180,661	1,760	51	0.28
Assembly device	11,724	357,197	3,482	36	0.10
Motorcycle	16,231	78,436	633	5	0.06
Others	17,089	118,996	1,517	29	0.24

Sixth, manufacturers of medical equipment (example: sonogram device) require ROM data (angle of waist, arm, neck and elbow) for operators to minimise the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries. Val Gregory & DMU [34] investigated an occupational health and safety in sonography and reported that sonographers showed symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the upper limbs and torso. Damage to the tendons, tendon sheaths, muscles, joints, blood vessels and peripheral nerves was involved [35]. In addition, back, hip and leg problems have been reported in studies of operators of medical equipment. A multidisciplinary group consisting of sonographers, ergonomists, professionals, employers and representatives from unions designed a 125-question survey that was distributed amongst members of the British Columbia Ultrasonographers’ Society, the Canadian Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers and the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. The results indicated that musculoskeletal symptoms were prevalent amongst sonographers. The collection of ROM data could be used to design equipment to minimise development of musculoskeletal disorders and to redesign the work environment.∥Finally, in the construction industry requires data on workers’ centre of pressure and ROM to reduce the risk of falls. Safety managers at construction sites asked for a system that could use the gyro sensor in a smartphone to estimate an individual’s centre of gravity. Few studies have analyzed the centre of gravity of people working on high platforms and recommended suggestions to prevent them from falling. Min et al. [36, 37] found that there is a high risk of falling whilst working on scaffolding, particularly in novice construction workers. It was also reported that postural stability was positively related to work experience and the presence of a safety handrail and negatively related to scaffolding height, whereas cardiovascular stress and subjective difficulty in maintaining postural balance showed the opposite pattern of associations. ROM and centre of gravity data could be used to redesign work platforms and devices to reduce the risk of falling from a great height (Fig. 5). The limitations of this study should be mentioned. Interviewees (industry professionals and academics) were asked how they used anthropometric data at work and not whether they used the Size Korea database or how valuable they felt it was to people in their field. Only two representatives from academia were interviewed; to get a broader perspective on the requirements of academia researchers working in human factors, ergonomics, sports biomechanics etc should also be consulted.

Fig.5

Concept of falling prevention model using COP data.

5 Conclusion

In South Korea collection of dynamic anthropometric data began in 1996. The success of any country’s national sizing survey is largely dependent on application of the data by design teams in industry. This study investigated use of Korea’s present national sizing database by various companies and industries. The results show that the data are used mainly by Korean universities and research institutions. Korean industries require data on many dynamic anthropometric variables that are not currently included in the database. Extending the database to include them would make it easier for industries to design effective and usable products. We conclude, therefore that the Size Korea database-building process should be modified to reflect the needs of companies and industries.

Conflict of interest

None to report.

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Papers in USA and Europe			Papers in Korea
Author	Year	Number of participants	Author	Year	Number of participants
Sinelnikoff and Grigorowitsch [9]	1931	100	Lee et al. [10]	1996	54
Glanville and George [11]	1937	10	Kee [12]	1996	47
Barter et al., [13]	1957	39	Kee [14]	1997	19
Harris [15]	1969	147	KRISS [16]	1999	80
Staff [17]	1983	100	Park and Ryu [18]	2000	40
Dwelly et al [19].	2009	48	Ryu and Park [20]	2000	40
Hammerberg et al. [21]	2010	84	Yoon et al., [1]	2002	188
Soucie et al. [22]	2011	674	Kee [23]	2002	10
Hossain et al., [24]	2012	342	Son and Kim [25]	2005	227
King et al. [26]	2014	136	Kim [27]	2009	10