The estimation of different body dimensions of children aged 6–11 years for the needs of furniture designers

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

There are some rules that furniture designers must take into consideration to design ergonomic furniture. The main design principle is the target group for which the furniture will be designed, considering the dimensions of people who use the furniture.

OBJECTIVE:

The paper presents the correlation between 12 parts of children’s body, as well as the proportion between stature and 11 other parts of the body which are used for the purposes of furniture and interior designers.

METHODS:

Field measurements include: Stature (S), Sitting height (She), Shoulder height (Sh), Popliteal height (Ph), Hip width (Hb), Elbow rest height (Erh), Buttock-popliteal length (Bpl), Buttock-knee length (Bkl), Thigh clearance (Tc), Eye height sitting (Eh), Knee height (Kh) and Shoulder breadth (Sb) to pupils aged 6–11 (grades 1 to 5). The measurements were done in 687 children in 12 primary schools in 4 different regions in Kosovo.

RESULTS:

The data of the study shows that, in general, there is a correlation (in some parts strong and in some medium) for the measured parts. Also, the study presents the proportion between the stature and other parts of the body which are necessary for the design of children’s furniture.

CONCLUSION:

Using this data will enable furniture designers to easily target the dimensions of the group they will design, even by measuring only one dimension, i.e. stature and then setting the proportions for each piece separately.

Keywords

Body dimension proportion children furniture designers

1 Introduction

Nowadays, the inappropriate posture of students in primary schools has been researched extensively around the world [1]. All studies agree that the stature or natural height (whether child or adult) is the most important parameter to generally determine the physical characteristics of a person [2 –5]. According to Damon, Stoudt and McFarland, if one wants to design furniture for human engineering purposes, the ten most important dimensions that should be measured are: weight; sitting height; buttock-knee; buttock-popliteal lengths; breadth across elbows; hip seated; knee height; popliteal height and thigh clearance height [6]. Ergonomic measurements are essential in various sciences, including: forensics, medicine, anatomy, aeronautics, as well as space and furniture design [7]. Anthropometry is a specific measurement of size and shape of human body [8]. Anthropometric measurements of students and human society, in general, are particularly important for the design of furniture, which also serves as a reference point for the design of interior spaces. The importance of these measurements increases incomparably when it comes to designing school spaces for children where they spend quite a lot of time. Such spaces require special care when dealing with the environment where children stay, study and move [7]. First of all, the responsible authorities and also society must ensure favorable conditions for school spaces; providing ergonomic furniture and comfortable environments for students, affecting body stability [9], child health [10], as well as learning outcomes [11].

Various researchers have found that students spend an average of 25% of their time (while they are awake) at schools [12, 13]. In the Republic of Kosovo, children grade 1–5 spend an average of 22% of their time [14] (while they are awake). Different researchers provide data of time sitting. According to Castellucci et al. [12], for the period they are at school, children spend about 80% of the time sitting.

Numerous studies have been done worldwide regarding the determination of the anthropometric dimensions of chair, desk and other furniture such as in the United States of America [15], Chile [12], Greece [16], Kosovo [14], Slovenia [17] and Nigeria [18]. However, measuring a significant number of body dimensions to determine furniture dimensions, generally requires time and commitment of many actors.

The study aims to analyze the correlation of body parts and their proportion based on stature and other body parts which are necessary to determine the dimensions of furniture (chairs and desks) as well as school spaces for children of different ages 6–11. Previous studies show that there are correlations between stature and other body parts [12–14 , 19] and that stature can be used to evaluate body parts to some extent.

We are aware that the application of furniture with different dimensions would have a high cost and would also create a kind of mess in the classroom (it would bring anomalies positioning in the classroom). However, without overlooking these specifics, the importance of their application prevails over these; due to fundamental importance of the healthy growth of children and the creation of optimal conditions for the development of learning and educational process. Problems arising with identification (distinction) e.g., which is a chair for girls or for boys can be chosen by making the furniture with different materials or different colors. On the other hand, in terms of planimetric set up and interior design, this solution would add value to the environment. The current study presents the dimensions of body measurements in children aged 6–11 years, through which correlations between parts for each age have been determined separately. Also, the distribution frequencies are determined through the graphs.

2 Methods

The conducted study presents a quantitative research approach. The measurements were carried out in primary schools. In order to carry out the measurements, permission was previously obtained from the responsible authorities (Directorates of Education in the respective municipalities and from the school directorates). Schools that refused to participate in the study were replaced by other schools in the same study area. The sample size was selected by means of “Slovin’s” formula. Collected data were analyzed and processed using MS Excel and SPSS software.

2.1 Participants

The study’s participants comprise children residing in four municipalities of Kosovo, namely Prishtina, Ferizaj, Gjilan, and Peja.

The sample size was calculated through Slovin’s formula [20]. $n = \frac{N}{1 + N [e]^{2}}$ (1)

Where “n” is the size, “N” the population, and “e” is the level of precision.

To determine the sample of the study, the report of the Statistics Entity of Kosovo was first taken into consideration, namely the report on Education Statistics in Kosovo 2021/22, prepared for the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, from which it results that the number children aged 6–11 years is 122103.

Table 1

Number of children by age

		Education statistics in Kosovo 2021/2022
	>6–7	>7–8	>8–9	>9–10	>10–11	Total
	24240	24151	24044	25144	24524	122103
M	12623	15577	12470	12885	12551	66106
F	11617	11574	11574	12259	11973	58997
% M	52%	64%	52%	51%	51%	54%
% F	48%	48%	48%	49%	49%	48%

In the presented study, the level of accuracy is e =±3,71%. Therefore, N = 122103.

According to the equation (1), it is calculated that the sample size is 722≈720.,

2.2 Data collection

The study presents the information collected from the measurements of 687 pupils aged 6–11. Anthropometric data was collected during the time when the children were in the learning process. Since this study is directly related to the impact of the child’s age; in ratio between body dimensions, the number of samples for testing was approximately divided by gender. Thus, from the total sample of 720 pupils: 359 (49,9%) are female and 361 (50,1) are male (all the pupils attending public elementary schools) who were chosen randomly. Number of measurements by age: 89 (41 males; 48 females) children aged >6–7; 152 (78 males; 74 females) children aged >7–8; 136 (71 males; 65 females) children aged >8–9; 149 (77 male; 72 female) children aged >9–10 and 161 (86 male; 75 female) children aged >10–11. Due to errors during the measurements, a significant part of them (33 measurements) were not included in the calculation and data analysis.

So, the number of samples taken in the study is 687, of which 341 (49.6%) are female and 346 (50.4%) are male. The regions from which the samples were collected are shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Number of samples by region

Regions

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent

Valid Prishtina 176 25,6 25,6 25,6

Ferizaj 174 25,3 25,3 50,9

Gjilan 172 25,0 25,0 76,0

Pejë 165 24,0 24,0 100,0

Total 687 100,0 100,0

	Regions
Valid	Prishtina	176	25,6	25,6	25,6
	Ferizaj	174	25,3	25,3	50,9
	Gjilan	172	25,0	25,0	76,0
	Pejë	165	24,0	24,0	100,0
	Total	687	100,0	100,0

2.3 Anthropometric measurements

Anthropometric measurements include 12 parts of the body: Stature (S), Sitting height (She), Shoulder height (Sh), Popliteal height (Ph), Hip widths (Hb), Elbow rest height (Erh), Buttock-popliteal length (Bpl), Buttock-knee length (Bkl), Thigh clearance (Tc), Eye height sitting (Eh), Knee height (Kh) and Shoulder breadth (Sb) (Fig. 2). The measurements were made following the standard procedures ISO 7250-1, 2017. The anthropometric description of the measured parts was obtained from other researchers [2 , 22] who provided more detailed information regarding the description of the measured parts. To carry out the ergonomic measurements, equipment used such as: the chair specially prepared for this purpose; tape measure; portable height measure; caliper (for measuring the height of the arm rests, the thickness of the leg); caliper (for measuring hip width and leg thickness).

Fig. 1

Samples for the study were taken from these regions.

Fig. 2

Measured body parts.

Previous research shows that there is a correlation [23] between most of the body parts needed to design furniture and different interior spaces; also, stable ratio have been found between stature and most parts of the human body [3]. However there are notable differences between the dimensions of body parts in children and adults [22]. In addition to age, the proportions of body parts also change with time. In contrast to the child’s body, whose dimensions increase while growing, it has been established that after the age of maturity, the human body shrinks over the years [22]. In addition to genetic factors, the annual income per family and the level of education of the parents (National Health Survey) also have an impact on children’s development [22 , 25].

2.4 Statistical analysis

The measurements of each part separately were done in public elementary schools. From the data, the correlation between all parts was compared, including: (S), Sitting height (She), Shoulder height (Sh), Popliteal height (Ph), Hip breadth (Hb), Elbow rest height (Erh), Buttock-popliteal length (Bpl), Buttock-knee length (Bkl), Thigh clearance (Tc), Eye height sitting (Eh), Knee height (Kh) and Shoulder breadth (Sb); the ratio of all data in function of stature was determined and the distribution frequencies were presented.

The determination of the Correlation coefficient (Pearson) is calculated according to the formula [26], while the ratio of measured body parts is analysed using MS Excel and SPSS 26. $r = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (y_{i} - \bar{y})}{\sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}} \sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (y_{i} - \bar{y})^{2}}}$ (2)

r –Pearson Correlation Coefficient,

x_i –x variable samples, $\bar{x}$ –mean of values in x variable

y_i –y variables sample, $\bar{y}$ –mean of values in y variables

3 Results and discussion

The summary of statistical analysis includes: average, minimum, maximum, percentages for 5%, 50% and 95% (Table 3); correlation (Tables 4–8); ratio between stature and other body parts, standard deviation and frequencies of distribution (Figs. 3–7). Anthropometric data are correlated (2-tiled), which is significant for p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 values. Correlation values r = (–1 to 1).

Table 3
Anthropometric measures of children aged 6–10 years old

Body parts Mean SD Minimum Maximum Percentiles

>6 –7 Years old 5 50 95

Stature 121,9 73,4 108,2 152,0 111,4 121,0 134,0

Sitting height 62,7 3,3 52,5 69,1 57,8 62,6 68,1

Shoulder height 39,3 2,9 32,0 48,8 34,6 39,0 44,1

Popliteal height 33,3 2,8 26,5 40,8 29,0 33,0 38,4

Elbow height 15,0 2,3 10,3 22,3 11,5 14,9 20,1

Buttock popliteal length 33,1 2,3 26,4 41,0 29,0 33,1 36,8

Buttock knee length 39,3 2,5 32,6 45,1 36,0 39,0 44,0

Eye height 50,9 4,0 39,0 58,2 44,4 51,0 57,8

Knee height 39,3 3,6 31,0 58,5 35,1 38,5 45,1

Thigh clearance 9,0 2,0 5,1 14,0 6,1 8,7 12,3

Shoulder breadth 29,5 2,7 24,9 38,0 25,5 29,0 34,8

Hip breadth 23,7 3,0 17,0 34,3 20,0 23,0 29,9

>7–8 Years old Mean SD Minimum Maximum Percentiles

5 50 95

Stature 127,1 68,5 110,0 148,0 114,6 127,0 138,4

Sitting height 65,1 3,9 54,0 74,5 57,9 65,0 71,0

Shoulder height 41,1 3,3 32,3 49,0 35,7 40,9 46,5

Popliteal height 35,0 3,0 27,0 41,1 29,5 35,0 40,0

Elbow height 15,3 2,7 10,0 32,3 11,1 15,1 19,0

Buttock popliteal length 34,9 2,5 28,5 42,3 31,3 34,5 39,9

Buttock knee length 41,3 2,8 34,0 52,0 36,7 41,0 46,4

Eye height 53,1 4,0 40,7 63,2 46,2 52,8 59,9

Knee height 41,0 2,8 34,0 49,5 35,5 41,0 45,7

Thigh clearance 9,8 1,6 6,0 14,0 7,0 9,9 12,1

Shoulder breadth 31,0 2,8 24,0 43,0 27,0 30,5 36,0

Hip breadth 25,2 2,6 18,0 33,5 21,0 25,0 30,0

>8–9 Years old Mean SD Minimum Maximum Percentiles

5 50 95

Stature 133,6 59,3 120,0 148,1 123,9 133,0 144,6

Sitting height 68,3 3,8 53,2 80,0 61,5 68,2 74,3

Shoulder height 43,3 3,0 36,0 52,0 38,3 43,4 48,2

Popliteal height 37,8 2,6 32,0 44,8 34,0 37,5 43,0

Elbow height 16,0 2,2 10,5 22,2 12,6 15,8 20,3

Buttock popliteal length 37,0 2,7 31,0 51,0 33,0 37,0 40,6

Buttock knee length 43,7 2,9 37,0 55,0 39,0 43,2 48,0

Eye height 55,9 3,6 46,8 67,1 49,9 56,0 62,2

Knee height 43,6 2,9 37,2 53,0 39,5 43,5 49,3

Thigh clearance 10,4 1,7 7,0 15,5 7,6 10,2 13,3

Shoulder breadth 32,7 2,7 25,0 39,7 28,7 33,0 37,0

Hip breadth 26,9 3,2 20,6 40,0 22,5 26,2 32,4

.9–10 Years old Mean SD Minimum Maximum Percentiles

5 50 95

Stature 137,4 64,7 121,0 162,0 127,3 138,0 148,1

Sitting height 69,9 3,8 61,4 85,0 63,4 70,0 76,2

Shoulder height 45,3 3,8 38,2 76,3 40,5 45,0 49,6

Popliteal height 39,1 2,9 31,5 49,2 34,0 39,4 43,9

Elbow height 17,5 2,5 11,8 24,0 13,9 17,5 22,0

Buttock popliteal length 38,5 2,5 30,7 48,2 34,8 38,2 42,2

Buttock knee length 45,4 2,6 38,0 52,0 41,3 45,1 50,0

Eye height 58,1 3,6 39,6 65,2 52,2 58,0 63,7

Knee height 44,7 3,2 37,0 52,4 39,0 45,0 49,9

Thigh clearance 10,6 1,7 7,0 15,8 8,0 10,7 13,8

Shoulder breadth 33,8 3,0 21,0 41,6 29,0 33,8 39,1

Hip breadth 28,2 3,2 20,5 42,0 24,0 28,0 33,0

>10–11 Years old Mean SD Minimum Maximum Percentiles

5 50 95

Stature 144,7 72,2 123,5 165,9 133,8 145,1 156,0

Sitting height 73,2 4,1 61,5 83,5 66,4 73,3 80,0

Shoulder height 47,6 3,5 37,4 62,8 42,5 47,6 53,7

Popliteal height 42,1 2,6 36,0 49,8 38,0 42,1 46,3

Elbow height 18,2 2,6 11,3 25,0 14,0 18,2 22,5

Buttock popliteal length 41,0 2,9 35,0 52,0 36,4 41,0 46,0

Buttock knee length 48,5 3,6 39,0 60,0 42,6 48,1 55,0

Eye height 61,5 4,9 40,3 78,0 55,3 61,1 68,6

Knee height 48,8 3,1 41,0 59,0 43,8 48,5 54,0

Thigh clearance 11,5 2,4 7,2 20,0 8,2 11,0 16,1

Shoulder breadth 35,9 3,3 28,4 45,0 31,5 35,5 42,0

Hip breadth 29,8 3,7 22,0 41,0 25,0 29,1 38,3

Body parts	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Percentiles
Stature	121,9	73,4	108,2	152,0	111,4	121,0	134,0
Sitting height	62,7	3,3	52,5	69,1	57,8	62,6	68,1
Shoulder height	39,3	2,9	32,0	48,8	34,6	39,0	44,1
Popliteal height	33,3	2,8	26,5	40,8	29,0	33,0	38,4
Elbow height	15,0	2,3	10,3	22,3	11,5	14,9	20,1
Buttock popliteal length	33,1	2,3	26,4	41,0	29,0	33,1	36,8
Buttock knee length	39,3	2,5	32,6	45,1	36,0	39,0	44,0
Eye height	50,9	4,0	39,0	58,2	44,4	51,0	57,8
Knee height	39,3	3,6	31,0	58,5	35,1	38,5	45,1
Thigh clearance	9,0	2,0	5,1	14,0	6,1	8,7	12,3
Shoulder breadth	29,5	2,7	24,9	38,0	25,5	29,0	34,8
Hip breadth	23,7	3,0	17,0	34,3	20,0	23,0	29,9
>7–8 Years old	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Percentiles
					5	50	95
Stature	127,1	68,5	110,0	148,0	114,6	127,0	138,4
Sitting height	65,1	3,9	54,0	74,5	57,9	65,0	71,0
Shoulder height	41,1	3,3	32,3	49,0	35,7	40,9	46,5
Popliteal height	35,0	3,0	27,0	41,1	29,5	35,0	40,0
Elbow height	15,3	2,7	10,0	32,3	11,1	15,1	19,0
Buttock popliteal length	34,9	2,5	28,5	42,3	31,3	34,5	39,9
Buttock knee length	41,3	2,8	34,0	52,0	36,7	41,0	46,4
Eye height	53,1	4,0	40,7	63,2	46,2	52,8	59,9
Knee height	41,0	2,8	34,0	49,5	35,5	41,0	45,7
Thigh clearance	9,8	1,6	6,0	14,0	7,0	9,9	12,1
Shoulder breadth	31,0	2,8	24,0	43,0	27,0	30,5	36,0
Hip breadth	25,2	2,6	18,0	33,5	21,0	25,0	30,0
>8–9 Years old	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Percentiles
					5	50	95
Stature	133,6	59,3	120,0	148,1	123,9	133,0	144,6
Sitting height	68,3	3,8	53,2	80,0	61,5	68,2	74,3
Shoulder height	43,3	3,0	36,0	52,0	38,3	43,4	48,2
Popliteal height	37,8	2,6	32,0	44,8	34,0	37,5	43,0
Elbow height	16,0	2,2	10,5	22,2	12,6	15,8	20,3
Buttock popliteal length	37,0	2,7	31,0	51,0	33,0	37,0	40,6
Buttock knee length	43,7	2,9	37,0	55,0	39,0	43,2	48,0
Eye height	55,9	3,6	46,8	67,1	49,9	56,0	62,2
Knee height	43,6	2,9	37,2	53,0	39,5	43,5	49,3
Thigh clearance	10,4	1,7	7,0	15,5	7,6	10,2	13,3
Shoulder breadth	32,7	2,7	25,0	39,7	28,7	33,0	37,0
Hip breadth	26,9	3,2	20,6	40,0	22,5	26,2	32,4
.9–10 Years old	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Percentiles
					5	50	95
Stature	137,4	64,7	121,0	162,0	127,3	138,0	148,1
Sitting height	69,9	3,8	61,4	85,0	63,4	70,0	76,2
Shoulder height	45,3	3,8	38,2	76,3	40,5	45,0	49,6
Popliteal height	39,1	2,9	31,5	49,2	34,0	39,4	43,9
Elbow height	17,5	2,5	11,8	24,0	13,9	17,5	22,0
Buttock popliteal length	38,5	2,5	30,7	48,2	34,8	38,2	42,2
Buttock knee length	45,4	2,6	38,0	52,0	41,3	45,1	50,0
Eye height	58,1	3,6	39,6	65,2	52,2	58,0	63,7
Knee height	44,7	3,2	37,0	52,4	39,0	45,0	49,9
Thigh clearance	10,6	1,7	7,0	15,8	8,0	10,7	13,8
Shoulder breadth	33,8	3,0	21,0	41,6	29,0	33,8	39,1
Hip breadth	28,2	3,2	20,5	42,0	24,0	28,0	33,0
>10–11 Years old	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Percentiles
					5	50	95
Stature	144,7	72,2	123,5	165,9	133,8	145,1	156,0
Sitting height	73,2	4,1	61,5	83,5	66,4	73,3	80,0
Shoulder height	47,6	3,5	37,4	62,8	42,5	47,6	53,7
Popliteal height	42,1	2,6	36,0	49,8	38,0	42,1	46,3
Elbow height	18,2	2,6	11,3	25,0	14,0	18,2	22,5
Buttock popliteal length	41,0	2,9	35,0	52,0	36,4	41,0	46,0
Buttock knee length	48,5	3,6	39,0	60,0	42,6	48,1	55,0
Eye height	61,5	4,9	40,3	78,0	55,3	61,1	68,6
Knee height	48,8	3,1	41,0	59,0	43,8	48,5	54,0
Thigh clearance	11,5	2,4	7,2	20,0	8,2	11,0	16,1
Shoulder breadth	35,9	3,3	28,4	45,0	31,5	35,5	42,0
Hip breadth	29,8	3,7	22,0	41,0	25,0	29,1	38,3

Table 4

Determination of the correlation coefficient in children aged >6–7 years

	Correlations coefficient-matrix (pupils aged 6 years old); number of samples 87 (40 males; 47 females)
Body parts		Stature	Sitting height	Shoulder height	Popliteal height	Elbow height	Buttock popliteal length	Buttock knee length	Eye height	Knee height	Thigh clearance	Shoulder breadth	Hip breadth
Stature	Pearson correlation	1
Sig. (2-tailed)
Sitting height	Pearson correlation	,616^**	1
Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000
Shoulder height	Pearson correlation	,544^**	,754^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000
Popliteal height	Pearson correlation	,577^**	,546^**	,540^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000
Elbow height	Pearson correlation	0,130	,458^**	,492^**	0,116	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,230	0,000	0,000	0,286
Buttock popliteal length	Pearson correlation	,434^**	,422^**	,426^**	,357^**	0,064	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,557
Buttock knee length	Pearson correlation	,569^**	,587^**	,601^**	,584^**	0,142	,761^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,190	0,000
Eye height	Pearson correlation	,437^**	,732^**	,798^**	,456^**	,529^**	,303^**	,481^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,004	0,000
Knee height	Pearson correlation	,559^**	,569^**	,569^**	,607^**	0,160	,460^**	,615^**	,496^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,138	0,000	0,000	0,000
Thigh clearance	Pearson correlation	,317^**	,478^**	,404^**	,284^**	,267^*	0,119	0,191	,324^**	,340^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,003	0,000	0,000	0,008	0,012	0,270	0,077	0,002	0,001
Shoulder breadth	Pearson correlation	,381^**	,412^**	,395^**	,494^**	-0,094	,270^*	,325^**	,345^**	,494^**	,489^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,386	0,011	0,002	0,001	0,000	0,000
Hip breadth	Pearson correlation	,400^**	,426^**	,442^**	,583^**	0,031	,301^**	,439^**	,415^**	,391^**	,297^**	,633^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,778	0,005	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,005	0,000

^**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ^*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 5

Determination of the correlation coefficient in children aged >7–8 years

	Correlations Coefficient-Matrix (pupils aged 7 years old); Number of samples 152 (78 males; 74 females)
Body Parts		Stature	Sitting	Shoulder	Popliteal	Elbow	Buttock	Buttock	Eye	Knee	Thigh	Shoulder	Hip
			Height	Height	Height	Height	Popliteal	Knee	Height	Height	Clearance	Breadth	Breadth
							length	Length
Stature	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
Sitting Height	Pearson Correlation	,722^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000
Shoulder Height	Pearson Correlation	,639^**	,825^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000
Popliteal Height	Pearson Correlation	,689^**	,546^**	,544^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000
Elbow Height	Pearson Correlation	,193^*	,380^**	,349^**	0,066	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,017	0,000	0,000	0,422
Buttock Popliteal length	Pearson Correlation	,632^**	,574^**	,506^**	,557^**	0,132	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,105
Buttock Knee Length	Pearson Correlation	,707^**	,642^**	,580^**	,653^**	0,146	,839^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,074	0,000
Eye Height	Pearson Correlation	,629^**	,818^**	,754^**	,431^**	,357^**	,514^**	,596^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Knee Height	Pearson Correlation	,815^**	,709^**	,633^**	,805^**	,212^**	,658^**	,747^**	,609^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,009	0,000	0,000	0,000
Thigh Clearance	Pearson Correlation	,351^**	,292^**	,280^**	,221^**	,257^**	,203^*	,254^**	,168^*	,429^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,007	0,002	0,013	0,002	0,040	0,000
Shoulder Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,448^**	,433^**	,356^**	,409^**	0,053	,434^**	,525^**	,422^**	,573^**	,296^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,516	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Hip Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,517^**	,532^**	,462^**	,494^**	0,116	,509^**	,659^**	,494^**	,589^**	,336^**	,695^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,155	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000

^**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ^*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 6

Determination of the correlation coefficient in children aged >8–9 years

	Correlations Coefficient-Matrix (pupils aged 8 years old); Number of samples 136 (71 males; 65 females)
Body parts		Stature	Sitting	Shoulder	Popliteal	Elbow	Buttock	Buttock	Eye	Knee	Thigh	Shoulder	Hip
			Height	Height	Height	Height	Popliteal	Knee	Height	Height	Clearance	Breadth	Breadth
							length	Length
Stature	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
Sitting Height	Pearson Correlation	,697^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000
Shoulder Height	Pearson Correlation	,605^**	,699^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000
Popliteal Height	Pearson Correlation	,585^**	,507^**	,569^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000
Elbow Height	Pearson Correlation	,265^**	,292^**	,254^**	0,129	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,002	0,001	0,003	0,134
Buttock Popliteal length	Pearson Correlation	,551^**	,516^**	,461^**	,530^**	0,157	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,067
Buttock Knee Length	Pearson Correlation	,596^**	,534^**	,557^**	,594^**	,199^*	,753^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,020	0,000
Eye Height	Pearson Correlation	,582^**	,740^**	,684^**	,513^**	,272^**	,514^**	,600^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,000	0,000
Knee Height	Pearson Correlation	,747^**	,660^**	,638^**	,807^**	,305^**	,615^**	,704^**	,583^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Thigh Clearance	Pearson Correlation	,348^**	,389^**	,333^**	,249^**	,286^**	,238^**	,301^**	,187^*	,446^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,004	0,001	0,005	0,000	0,030	0,000
Shoulder Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,364^**	,367^**	,450^**	,354^**	0,011	,284^**	,398^**	,245^**	,413^**	,314^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,903	0,001	0,000	0,004	0,000	0,000
Hip Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,379^**	,281^**	,311^**	,503^**	0,118	,321^**	,451^**	,273^**	,382^**	,323^**	,573^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,001	0,000	0,000	0,172	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,000	0,000	0,000

^**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ^*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 7

Determination of the correlation coefficient in children aged >9–10 years

	Correlations Coefficient-Matrix (pupils aged 9 years old); Number of samples 149 (77 males; 72 females)
Body parts		Stature	Sitting	Shoulder	Popliteal	Elbow	Buttock	Buttock	Eye	Knee	Thigh	Shoulder	Hip
			Height	Height	Height	Height	Popliteal	Knee	Height	Height	Clearance	Breadth	Breadth
							length	Length
Stature	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
Sitting Height	Pearson Correlation	,856^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000
Shoulder Height	Pearson Correlation	,671^**	,719^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000
Popliteal Height	Pearson Correlation	,660^**	,560^**	,464^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000
Elbow Height	Pearson Correlation	,466^**	,449^**	,373^**	0,040	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,626
Buttock Popliteal length	Pearson Correlation	,636^**	,504^**	,455^**	,537^**	,268^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,001
Buttock Knee Length	Pearson Correlation	,747^**	,579^**	,508^**	,557^**	,301^**	,859^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Eye Height	Pearson Correlation	,591^**	,685^**	,539^**	,397^**	,352^**	,365^**	,466^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Knee Height	Pearson Correlation	,573^**	,548^**	,463^**	,652^**	,200^*	,405^**	,460^**	,291^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,015	0,000	0,000	0,000
Thigh Clearance	Pearson Correlation	,515^**	,487^**	,310^**	,266^**	,419^**	,243^**	,358^**	,245^**	,399^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,000	0,003	0,000	0,003	0,000
Shoulder Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,511^**	,452^**	,350^**	,419^**	,180^*	,449^**	,519^**	,304^**	,431^**	,507^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,028	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Hip Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,463^**	,394^**	,381^**	,408^**	,195^*	,376^**	,471^**	,317^**	,472^**	,515^**	,640^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,018	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000

^**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ^*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 8

Determination of the correlation coefficient in children aged >10–11 years

	Correlations Coefficient-Matrix (pupils aged 10 years old); Number of samples 171 (86 males; 75 females)
Body parts		Stature	Sitting	Shoulder	Popliteal	Elbow	Buttock	Buttock	Eye	Knee	Thigh	Shoulder	Hip
			Height	Height	Height	Height	Popliteal	Knee	Height	Height	Clearance	Breadth	Breadth
							length	Length
Stature	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
Sitting Height	Pearson Correlation	,818^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000
Shoulder Height	Pearson Correlation	,653^**	,717^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000
Popliteal Height	Pearson Correlation	,655^**	,632^**	,532^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000
Elbow Height	Pearson Correlation	,353^**	,294^**	,266^**	0,127	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,001	0,11
Buttock Popliteal length	Pearson Correlation	,736^**	,678^**	,484^**	,619^**	,236^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,003
Buttock Knee Length	Pearson Correlation	,713^**	,656^**	,541^**	,559^**	,178^*	,829^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,025	0,000
Eye Height	Pearson Correlation	,684^**	,725^**	,701^**	,520^**	,289^**	,565^**	,529^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Knee Height	Pearson Correlation	,788^**	,648^**	,467^**	,629^**	,393^**	,678^**	,692^**	,482^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Thigh Clearance	Pearson Correlation	,262^**	,287^**	,389^**	,295^**	,358^**	,300^**	,369^**	,214^**	,380^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,001	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,006	0,000
Shoulder Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,523^**	,546^**	,477^**	,476^**	,158^*	,574^**	,625^**	,430^**	,601^**	,413^**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,046	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000
Hip Breadth	Pearson Correlation	,472^**	,478^**	,416^**	,449^**	0,144	,520^**	,565^**	,416^**	,527^**	,340^**	,737^**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,069	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000	0,000

^**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ^*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Fig. 3

Ratio between stature and eleven body parts for children aged 6 years old and frequencies of distributions.

Fig. 4

Ratio between stature and eleven body parts for children aged 7 years old and frequencies of distributions.

Fig. 5

Ratio between stature and eleven body parts for children aged 8 years old and frequencies of distributions.

Fig. 6

Ratio between stature and eleven body parts for children aged 9 years old and frequencies of distributions.

Fig. 7

Ratio between stature and eleven body parts for children aged 10 years old and frequencies of distributions.

From the data presented in Tables 4 to 8, there is a positive correlation between stature and most body parts. Also, at all ages, a moderate correlation between stature and elbow height is seen. Strong correlation in all age groups was found between Sitting Height, Shoulder height and Eye height; while a moderate correlation is observed in other parts of the body. It is generally observed a correlation (with a decrease during the passage of age) between Shoulder height and parts: Popliteal height; Eye height, Knee height and Buttock knee length.

There is a strong correlation between Popliteal height and Buttock knee length and Knee height parts.

The study shows that, for all ages, there is no correlation between Popliteal height and Elbow height; it also has been shown that there is a slight correlation between Popliteal height and Thigh clearance. According to the study, there is no correlation between Elbow height, Buttock popliteal length (except for >9–10 and >10–11-year-olds where a moderate correlation is observed) and Hip breadth at almost all ages.

Also, there is a weak correlation between Elbow height and other body parts. In general, there is a strong correlation between Buttock popliteal length and Buttock knee length, Knee height and Eye height. In the other parts, a slight correlation is observed, except for Thigh clearance in children aged >6–7, where the data show that there is no correlation. The data show that there is a significant correlation between Buttock knee length and Eye height, Knee height, and Hip breadth.

It has been observed that there is no correlation between Buttock knee length and Thigh clearance in children aged >6–7. Regarding the correlation between Eye height and Thigh clearance, Shoulder Breadth and Hip breadth, a slight correlation was observed between them at all ages. There is also a significant correlation between Knee height and Thigh clearance, Shoulder breadth and Hip breadth. Thigh clearance shows a moderate correlation with Shoulder breadth and a slight correlation with Hip breadth. A perfectly positive correlation has also been shown between Shoulder breadth and Hip breadth.

From Figs. 3 to 7, the proportions of body parts are presented, taking into account stature and standard deviation. Graphs have also been constructed which show the distribution of samples across groups.

The proportion between Sitting height and Stature varies while growing. The data prove that while growing, the proportion of Sitting height falls compared to Stature. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 51.52% (±2.34); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 51.23% (±2.13), in >8–9-year-olds 51.32% (±2.01); in >9–10year-olds 50.88% (±1.44) and in >10–11-year-olds 50.59% (±1.71).

The proportion between Shoulder height and Stature. The data prove that while growing, the proportion of Shoulder Height compared to Stature in general increases. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 32.29% (±1.99); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 32.37% (±1.98), in >8–9-year-olds 32.54% (±1.79); in >9–10-year-olds 32.93% (±2.0) and in >10–11year-olds 32.91% (±1.82).

The proportion of Popliteal height and Stature increases while growing. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 27.32% (±1.84); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 27.51% (±1.70), in >8–9-year-olds 28.42% (±1.62); in >9–10-year-olds 28.44% (±1.61) and in >10–11-year-olds 29.08% (±1.41).

The data show that there is no regular proportion during growth between Stature and Elbow height for growth or reduction in proportion to these parts. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 12.34% (±1.90); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 12.05% (±2.42), in 8–9-year-olds 12.04% (±2.05); in >9–10-year-olds 12.72% (±1.61) and in >10–11-year-olds 12.57% (±1.68).

There is a clear increase in the proportion between Buttock knee length and Stature while growing. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 27.17% (±1.81); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 27.44% (±1.53), in >8–9-year-olds 27.80% (±1.69); in >9–10-year-olds 28.02% (±1.41) and in >10–11-year-olds 28.31% (±1.72).

In the proportion between Buttock knee length and Stature, an increasing proportion was observed. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 32.27% (±1.74); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 32.49% (±1.55), in >8–9-year-olds 32.82% (±1.72); in >9–10-year-olds 33.08% (±1.27) and in >10–11-year-olds 33.48% (±1.72).

The proportion between Eye height and Stature shows an increase while growing (except for 7–8-year-olds). In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 41.86% (±2.98); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 41.82% (±2.43), in >8–9-year-olds 42.01% (±2.24); in >9–10-year-olds 42.27% (±2.16) and in >10–11-year-olds 42.50% (±2.47).

The study shows that there is no correlation between age and the change in the ratio between Knee height and Stature. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 32.27% (±2.34); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 32.22% (±1.25), in >8–9-year-olds 32.74% (±1.44); in >9–10-year-olds 32.55% (±1.90) and in >10–11-year-olds 33.73% (±1.31).

According to ratio between Thigh clearance and Stature, an increasing correlation is observed while growing (excluding age >9–10). In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 7.36% (±1.52); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 7.57% (±1.76), in >8–9-year-olds 7.80% (±1.23); in >9–10-year-olds 7.74% (±1.07) and in >10–11-year-olds 7.97% (±1.60). However, in this case it is worth noting that we have a non-normal distribution.

At all ages a positive correlation with Shoulder breadth and Stature was observed. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 24.22% (±2.14); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 24.41% (±1.94), in >8–9-year-olds 24.56% (±1.92); in >9–10-year-olds 24.60% (±1.89) and in >10–11-year-olds 24.78% (±1.93).

As has been shown by other researchers, a positive correlation has been observed in terms of the proportion of Hip breadth and Stature. This fact is justified by the age of puberty that begins to appear (especially in the female gender [27]) over the years. In >6–7-year-olds, the proportion between these two parts is 19.41% (±2.25); in >7–8-year-olds, the proportion is 19.80% (±1.71), in >8–9-year-olds 20.24% (±2.25); in 9–10-year-olds>20.49% (±2.07) and in 10–11-year-olds>20.57% (±2.28).

The data of Fig. 8 shows the comparison of the study results with the results of the studies of Panero and Zelnik [22, p. 105–110], where it can be seen that there are changes in terms of the ratio between stature and other parts of the body.

Fig. 8

Ratio between stature and 11 body parts for children aged 10 years old and frequencies of distributions.

The common conclusion is that in Sitting height there is a decrease in the ratio between these two parts while growing. Regarding the comparison of results between Popliteal height; Buttock popliteal length; Buttock knee length; Knee height; Thig clearance and Stature, it is found in both studies that there is an increase in proportion while growing. Comparing the results between Hip breadth and Stature presents different data. In the case of the study, an increase in proportion between Hip breadth and Stature is observed, while in the data presented by the study of Panero and Zelnik [22], it can be seen that there is no visible increase. This can somehow be justified by the fact that the data presented by Panero and Zelnik were collected between the years 1963–65, which are known as years of crises and recovery from the Second World War, while the study data are collected in 2021.

4 Conclusions

The main purpose of this paper is the correlation analysis between the body parts taken into consideration. As it can be seen from the data, the results show that in all cases (at all ages) there is a positive correlation between stature and other parts of the body. It has also been shown that there are positive correlations between most of the other body parts measured for furniture design purposes. From the results of the study, it can finally be concluded that stature can be taken into consideration as a dimension to evaluate other body dimensions for children of ages taken in the study. The study data shows that there are positive correlations between other parts of the body which can also be taken into consideration. The results presented in the study can be used not only by designers and furniture manufacturers, but also by experts in forensics, pathology, anatomy, anthropology, etc.

Although the study examines a considerable number of children, it is considered that there are some limitations that require clarification in the future studies. The studies of various researchers recommend that school classes should not be separated on the basis of gender (only females or males). The paper does not take into account the gender factor, despite the anthropometric differences which, according to different authors, are observed in these ages. Also, the study does not take into account the cultural, ethnic, religious aspects and is limited only to the four largest regions of the Republic of Kosovo.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Commission of the University of Applied Sciences in Ferizaj (Approval number: 2940/223, Date: 30/06/2023).

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation in the study. In particular, initial permission for the study was obtained from the Municipal Education Department responsible for the management of the schools. Subsequent permission was obtained from the respective school directors who had requested permission from class guardians for the measurement of students.

Conflict of interest

None to report.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

None to report.

Funding

None to report.

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	Regions
		Frequency	Percent	Valid percent	Cumulative percent
Valid	Prishtina	176	25,6	25,6	25,6
	Ferizaj	174	25,3	25,3	50,9
	Gjilan	172	25,0	25,0	76,0
	Pejë	165	24,0	24,0	100,0
	Total	687	100,0	100,0

The estimation of different body dimensions of children aged 6–11 years for the needs of furniture designers

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1 Introduction

2 Methods

2.1 Participants

Table 2 Number of samples by region Regions Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Valid Prishtina 176 25,6 25,6 25,6 Ferizaj 174 25,3 25,3 50,9 Gjilan 172 25,0 25,0 76,0 Pejë 165 24,0 24,0 100,0 Total 687 100,0 100,0

Ethical approval

Informed consent

Conflict of interest

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Funding

References

Table 2
Number of samples by region

Regions

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent

Valid Prishtina 176 25,6 25,6 25,6

Ferizaj 174 25,3 25,3 50,9

Gjilan 172 25,0 25,0 76,0

Pejë 165 24,0 24,0 100,0

Total 687 100,0 100,0