Neural Networks,Brainwaves,and Ionic Structures: Acupuncture Vs. Altered States of Consciousness

Abstract

It is shown that neural networks with embedded “brainwaves” can cross the gap between the fast parallel unconscious mode of neuroscience and the slow serial conscious mode of psychology. The electromagnetic (EM) component of ultra low frequency (ULF) “brainwaves” appears to enable perfect fitting with narrowed limits of conscious capacity in normal awake states and very extended limits in altered states of consciousness - due to the biophysical relativistic mechanism of dilated subjective time base. An additional complex low-dielectric (∊rτ∼1) structure is also necessary in these processes. This structure can be related to a displaced (from the body) pan of acupuncture ionic system which can conduct ULF brainwave currents ∼10⁷ A, inside the conductive channels of the initial ionic concentration ∼ 10¹⁵ cm³, with a tendency of deterioration during a period of ∼1 hour. It provides an extraordinary biophysical bask for traditional psychology, including trans-personal experiences down to the ultimate state of thoughtless consciousness. Notions, such as “qi”, “subtle body”, and “causal body”, are physically inevitably associated with ions, displaced (from the body) part of acupuncture ionic structure, and in it embedded an EM component of ULF brainwaves, respectively.

Keywords

Neural Networks Brainwaves (EEG)Consciousness Neuroscience Psychology Ionic Structures Acupuncture Qi Esoteric Traditional Knowledge Theoretical Modeling

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Baars

B. J.

, A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1988.

Poper

K.R.

and Ecces

J.C.

, The Self and Its Brain. Springer, Berlin, 1977, Chs. E2, 8.

John

E.R.

, “Switchboard vs. Statistical Theories of Learning and Memory”, Science. Vol. 177: pp. 850–864, 1972; John

E.R.

, T. Yang

A.B.

Brill, Young

, and Ono

, “Double-Labeled Metabolic Maps of Memory”, Science. Vol. 233: pp. 1167–1175, 1986.

Gray

C.M.

, P. Konig

A.K.

Engel, and Singer

, “Oscillatory Responses in Visual Cortex Exhibit Inter-Columnar Synchronization Which Reflects Global Stimulus Properties”, Nature. Vol. 338: pp. 334–337, 1989; Stryker

M.P.

, “Is Grandmother an Oscillation?”, ibid., pp. 297–298.

Rakovic

, “Biocomputers - the perspectives”, Proc. 15th Yug, Conf. Microelectr, (MIEL-87). pp. 143–150, 1987, in Serbocroat; Rakovic

, Koruga

Dj.

, Djakovic

, Martlnovic

, Desimirovic

, and Dj. Minic, “Ultralowfrequency ‘Optical’ Biocomputers: Biophysical Arguments”, in Hong F., ed., “Molecular Electronics: Biosensors and Biocomputers”, Plenum, New York, 1989.

Rakovic

, Koruga

Dj.

, Martinovic

, and Stanojevic

, “Molecular Electronics and Neural Networks: Significance of Ionic Structure”, Proc. Ann, Int, Conf, IEEE/EMBS. Vol. 11: pp. 1366–1357, 1989, Kim

and Spelman

F.A.

, eds., Part 4/6; Rakovic

, Koruga

Dj.

, Martinovic

, and Stanojevic

, “On Biophysical Structure of Brainlike Biocomputers”, Proc. 2nd Int, Conf. Mol, Elec. & Biocomp., 1989, Moscow, Kluwer, Amsterdam, in press; D. Rakovic, “Biophysical Basis of Consciousness and Neural Networks”, Proc, Int. Summer School & Workshop Neurocomp., Vol. 1: pp. 78-91, 1990, Dubrovnik, D. Koruga ed.; D. Rakovic, “On Biophysical Structure of Brain-Like Neural Networks”, Proc. Int. Symp, Exp, Syst. & Neur. Net., Theor. & Appl., 1990, Honolulu, in press; D. Rakovic, “Neural Networks vs. Brainwaves: Prospects for Cognitive Theory of Consciousness”, Proc. Ann. Int. Conf. IEEE/EMBS. Vol. 12, 1990, Philadelphia, in press, D. Rakovic, “A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness: Possible Educational Framework”, ibid.: D. Rakovic, Dj. Koruga, A. Skokljev, “Acupuncture vs. Altered States of Consciousness”, Proc. 6th Ann. Int. Symp. Acup. & Elec. Therap., 1990, New York, in press.

Adey

W.R.

, “Tissue Interactions with Nonionizing Electromagnetic Fields”, Physiol. Rev., Vol. 61: pp. 435–514, 1981, and references therein.

Tart, ed., “Altered States of Consciousness”, Academic. New York, 1972.

Basar

, EEG-Dynamics and Evoked Potentials in Sensory and Cognitive Processing by the Brain, in E. Basar, ed., “Dynamics of Sensory and Cognitive Processing by the Brain”. Springer, Berlin, 1988; ibid., Thoughts on brain's internal codes.

10.

Basar

, EEG Brain Dynamics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, Ch. 2.

11.

Foulkes

, “Theories of Dream Formation and Recent Studies of Sleep Consciousness”, Psvchol, Bull., Vol. 62: pp. 236–247, 1964.

12.

Landau

L.D.

and Lifschics

E.M.

, “Field Theory”, Nauka, Moscow, 1973, Ch. 9, in Russian.

13.

Budzynskl

T. H.

, “Clinical Applications of Non-Drug-Induced States”, in Wolman

B. B.

and Ullman

, eds., Handbook of States of Consciousness. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986.

14.

White

C. T.

, “Temporal Numerosity and the Psychological Unit of Duration”, Psychol, Monogr., No. 575, 1963; Stroud

J.M.

, “The Fine Structure of Psychological Time”, in Fischer

, ed., “Interdisciplinary Perspective of Time”, Ann. NY Acad, Scl., Vol. 138, 1967.

15.

Ref. 8, Sect. 3.

16.

Erickson

M.H.

and L. F Cooper, Time Distortion in Hypnosis. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1959; Ref. 8, Sect. 5.

17.

Ref. 8, Sect. 4.

18.

Ref. 8, Sects. 6, 7.

19.

Jaspers

Algemaine Psychopathologie, Springer. Berlin, 1953.

20.

Moody

R. A.

Jr. , Life After Life, Bantam, New York, 1975.

21.

Rakovic

, Dj. Koruga, and Martinovlc

, “Relativistic Phenomena of Neural Networks”, Proc. 3rd Yug, Conf. Syst, Autom. Regul, Measur, (SAUM-89). pp. 247–260, 1989, in Serbocroat.

22.

Ref. 12, Ch. 1.

23.

Landau

L.D.

and Lifschics

E.M.

, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media. Nauka, Moscow, 1982, Ch. 9, in Russian.

24.

Ref. 12, Ch. 4.

25.

Ref. 12, Ch. 6.

26.

Ref. 8, Sect. 8.

27.

James

, “The scope of Psychology”, in Ornstein

R.E.

, ed., The Nature of Human Consciousness. Freeman, San Francisco, 1973; reprinted from W. James, The Principles of Psvchology(1890), Dover, New York, 1950.

28.

Nikolic

P.M.

and Rakovic

D.I.

, Electrotechnical Materials. Naucna knjiga, Belgrade, 1987, Ch. II. 3, in Serbocroat; such data can be found in many textbooks on physics and material science.

29.

Chen

F.F.

, Introduction to Plasma Physics. Plenum, New York, 1974, Ch. 3.

30.

Landau

L.D.

and Lifschics

E.M.

, Statistical Physics. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, Ch. 3, in Russian.

31.

Nunez

P.L.

, Electric Fileds of the Brain. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1981, Ch. 6.

32.

Ref. 29, Ch. 9.

33.

Reif

, “Statistical Physics”. Berkeley Physics Course. Vol. 5. McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, 1967, Ch. 8.

34.

Krueger

A.P.

, “Preliminary Consideration of the Biological Significance of Air Ions”, Scientia. Vol. 104: pp. 1–17, 1969.