Serum Concentrations of p -Cresyl Sulfate and Indoxyl Sulfate,But Not Inflammatory Markers,Increase in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Parallel with Loss of Residual Renal Function

Bargman J.M. , Thorpe K.E. , Churchill D.N. on behalf of the CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2158–62.

Paniagua R. , Amato D. , Vonesh E. , Correa–Rotter R. , Ramos A. , Moran J. On behalf of the Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group. Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1307–20.

Ateş K. , Nerğizoglu G. , Keven K. , Sen A. , Kutlay S. , Ertürk S. Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 767–76.

Burkart J.M. The ADEMEX study and PD adequacy. Blood Purif 2003; 21: 37–41.

Pecoits-Filho R. , Gonçalves S. , Barberato S.H. , Bignelli A. , Lindholm B. , Riella M.C. Impact of residual renal function on volume status in chronic renal failure. Blood Purif 2004; 22: 285–92.

Bammens B. , Evenepoel P. , Verbeke K. , Vanrenterghem Y. Time profiles of peritoneal and renal clearances of different uremic solutes in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 512–19.

Pham N.M. , Recht N.S. , Hostetter T.H. , Meyer T.W. Removal of the protein-bound solutes indican and p-cresol sulfate by peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 85–90.

Stenvinkel P. , Wanner C. , Metzger T. Inflammation and outcome in end-stage renal failure: does female gender constitute a survival advantage? Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1791–8.

Wang A.Y. , Lai K.N. The importance of residual renal function in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1726–32.

Shafi T. , Jaar B.G. , Plantinga L.C. , Fink N.E. , Sadler J.H. , Parekh R.S. Association of residual urine output with mortality, quality of life, and inflammation in incident hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-Stage Renal Disease (CHOICE) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 348–58.

Pecoits-Filho R. , Carvalho M.J. , Stenvinkel P. , Lindholm B. , Heimbürger O. Systemic and intraperitoneal interleukin-6 system during the first year of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2006; 26: 53–63.

Miyata T. , Ishiguro N. , Yasuda Y. , Ito T. , Nangaku M. , Iwata H. Increased pentosidine, an advanced glycation end product, in plasma and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relation with inflammatory markers. Biochem Biophys res Commun 1998; 244: 45–9.

Lekawanvijit S. , Adrahtas A. , Kelly D.J. , Kompa A.R. , Wang B.H. , Krum H. Does indoxyl sulfate, a uraemic toxin, have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes? Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1771–9.

Schepers E. , Meert N. , Glorieux G. , Goeman J. , Van der Eycken J. , Vanholder R. p-Cresylsulphate, the main in vivo metabolite of p-cresol, activates leucocyte free radical production. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 592–6.

de Loor H. , Meijers B.K. , Meyer T.W. , Bammens B. , Verbeke K. , Dehaen W. Sodium octanoate to reverse indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate albumin binding in uremic and normal serum during sample preparation followed by fluorescence liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 4684–8.

Du Bois D. , Du Bois E.F. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916. Nutrition 1989; 5: 303–11.

Watson P.E. , Watson I.D. , Batt R.D. Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 27–39.

Bergström J. , Heimbürger O. , Lindholm B. Calculation of the protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance from urea appearance. Which formulas should be used? Perit Dial Int 1998; 18: 467–73.

Vanholder R. , Meert N. , Van Biesen W. , Meyer T. , Hostetter T. , Dhondt A. Why do patients on peritoneal dialysis have low blood levels of protein-bound solutes? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2009; 5: 130–1.

Enomoto A. , Takeda M. , Tojo A. , Sekine T. , Cha S.H. , Khamdang S. Role of organic anion transporters in the tubular transport of indoxyl sulfate and the induction of its nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1711–20.

Lesaffer G. , De Smet R. , D'Heuvaert T. , Belpaire F.M. , Lameire N. , Vanholder R. Comparative kinetics of the uremic toxin p-cresol versus creatinine in rats with and without renal failure. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 1365–73.

Meijers B.K. , Bammens B. , Verbeke K. , Evenepoel P. A review of albumin binding in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 839–50.

Evenepoel P. , Bammens B. , Verbeke K. , Vanrenterghem Y. Superior dialytic clearance of β₂-microglobulin and p-cresol by high-flux hemodialysis as compared to peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 794–9.

Aronov P.A. , Luo F.J. , Plummer N.S. , Quan Z. , Holmes S. , Hostetter T.H. Colonic contribution to uremic solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 1769–76.

Cummings J.H. , Hill M.J. , Bone E.S. , Branch W.J. , Jenkins D.J. The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colonic function and metabolism. II. Bacterial metabolites in feces and urine. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 2094–101.

Geypens B. , Claus D. , Evenepoel P. , Hiele M. , Maes B. , Peeters M. Influence of dietary protein supplements on the formation of bacterial metabolites in the colon. Gut 1997; 41: 70–6.

Patel K.P. , Luo F.J. , Plummer N.S. , Hostetter T.H. , Meyer T.W. The production of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in vegetarians versus omnivores. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 982–8.

Wang A.Y. , Sea M.M. , Ip R. , Law M.C. , Chow K.M. , Lui S.F. Independent effects of residual renal function and dialysis adequacy on actual dietary protein, calorie, and other nutrient intake in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2450–7.

Cerini C. , Dou L. , Anfosso F. , Sabatier F. , Moal V. , Glorieux G. p-Cresol, an uremic retention solute, alters the endothelial barrier function in vitro. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92: 140–50.

Dou L. , Jourde-Chiche N. , Faure V. , Cerini C. , Berland Y. , Dignat-George F. The uremic solute indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress in endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1302–8.

Dou L. , Bertrand E. , Cerini C. , Faure V. , Sampol J. , Vanholder R. The uremic solutes p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate inhibit endothelial proliferation and wound repair. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 442–51.

Faure V. , Dou L. , Sabatier F. , Cerini C. , Sampol J. , Berland Y. Elevation of endothelial microparticles in chronic renal failure: role of uremic toxins [Abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(Suppl 5): V63–64.

Ito S. , Osaka M. , Higuchi Y. , Nishijima F. , Ishii H. , Yoshida M. Indoxyl sulfate induces leukocyte–endothelial interactions through up-regulation of E-selectin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 38869–75.

Masai N. , Tatebe J. , Yoshino G. , Morita T. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by inducing oxidative stress through activation of the NADPH oxidase-nuclear factor-κB pathway. Circ J 2010; 74: 2216–24.

Meijers B.K. , Van Kerckhoven S. , Verbeke K. , Dehaen W. , Vanrenterghem Y. , Hoylaerts M.F. The uremic retention solute p-cresyl sulfate and markers of endothelial damage. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 891–901.

Tumur Z. , Shimizu H. , Enomoto A. , Miyazaki H. , Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate upregulates expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 by oxidative stress-induced NF-κB activation. Am J Nephrol 2010; 31: 435–41.

Yu M. , Kim Y.J. , Kang D.H. Indoxyl sulfate–induced endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease via an induction of oxidative stress. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 30–9.

Bammens B. , Evenepoel P. , Keuleers H. , Verbeke K. , Vanrenterghem Y. Free serum concentrations of the protein-bound retention solute p-cresol predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1081–7.

Liabeuf S. , Barreto D.V. , Barreto F.C. , Meert N. , Glorieux G. , Schepers E. On behalf of the European Uraemic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). Free p-cresylsulphate is a predictor of mortality in patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1183–91.

Meijers B.K. , Bammens B. , De Moor B. , Verbeke K. , Vanrenterghem Y. , Evenepoel P. Free p-cresol is associated with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 1173–80.

Meijers B.K. , Claes K. , Bammens B. , de Loor H. , Viaene L. , Verbeke K. p-Cresol and cardiovascular risk in mild-to-moderate kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 1182–9.

Chung S.H. , Heimbürger O. , Stenvinkel P. , Bergström J. , Lindholm B. Association between inflammation and changes in residual renal function and peritoneal transport rate during the first year of dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2240–5.

Cho J.H. , Hur I.K. , Kim C.D. , Park S.H. , Ryu H.M. , Yook J.M. Impact of systemic and local peritoneal inflammation on peritoneal solute transport rate in new peritoneal dialysis patients: a 1-year prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1964–73.

Shemin D. , Bostom A.G. , Laliberty P. , Dworkin L.D. Residual renal function and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 85–90.

Termorshuizen F. , Korevaar J.C. , Dekker F.W. , van Manen J.G. , Boeschoten E.W. , Krediet R.T. on behalf of the NECOSAD Study Group. The relative importance of residual renal function compared with peritoneal clearance for patient survival and quality of life: an analysis of the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD)-2. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 1293–302.

Pecoits-Filho R. , Heimbürger O. , Bárány P. , Suliman M. , Fehrman-Ekholm I. , Lindholm B. Associations between circulating inflammatory markers and residual renal function in CRF patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 1212–18.