Increased Arterial Stiffness in HIV-Infected Children: Risk Factors and Antiretroviral Therapy

The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1993–2003.

Jiang B. , Hebert V.Y. , Zavecz J.H. , Dugas T.R. Antiretrovirals induce direct endothelial dysfunction in vivo. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42: 391–395.

Hurlimann D. , Weber R. , Enseleit F. , Luscher T.F. HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and endothelium. Herz 2005; 30: 472–480. German.

Charakida M. , Donald A.E. , Green H. Early structural and functional changes of the vasculature in HIV-infected children: impact of disease and antiretroviral therapy. Circulation 2005; 112: 103–109.

Bonnet D. , Aggoun Y. , Szezepanski I. , Bellal N. , Blanche S. Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected children. AIDS 2004; 18: 1037–1041.

Willum-Hansen T. , Staessen J.A. , Torp-Pedersen C. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation 2006; 113: 664–670.

Altunkan S. , Oztas K. , Seref B. Arterial stiffness index as a screening test for cardiovascular risk: a comparative study between coronary artery calcification determined by electron beam tomography and arterial stiffness index determined by a VitalVision device in asymptomatic subjects. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16: 580–584.

Asmar R. , Darne B. , el Assaad M. , Topouchian J. Assessment of outcomes other than systolic and diastolic blood pressure: pulse pressure, arterial stiffness and heart rate. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 329–333.

Laurent S. , Boutouyrie P. , Asmar R. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1236–1241.

Blacher J. , Guerin A.P. , Pannier B. , Marchais S.J. , Safar M.E. , London G.M. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1999; 99: 2434–2439.

O'Rourke M.F. Wave travel and refection in the arterial system. J Hypertens Suppl 1999; 17: S45–S47.

Wilkinson I.B. , MacCallum H. , Cockcroft J.R. , Webb D.J. Inhibition of basal nitric oxide synthesis increases aortic augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in vivo. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53: 189–192.

Freeman J.V. , Cole T.J. , Chinn S. , Jones P.R. , White E.M. , Preece M.A. Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73: 17–24.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994 Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR Recomm Rep 1994; 43: 1–10.

Sevastianova K. , Sutinen J. , Westerbacka J. , Ristola M. , Yki-Jarvinen H. Arterial stiffness in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2005; 10: 925–935.

Schillaci G. , De Socio G.V. , Pirro M. Impact of treatment with protease inhibitors on aortic stiffness in adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 2381–2385.

Williams B. , Lacy P.S. , Thom S.M. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006; 113: 1213–1225.

Schillaci G. , De Socio G.V. , Pucci G. Aortic stiffness in untreated adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hypertension 2008; 52: 308–313.

van Wijk J.P. , de Koning E.J. , Cabezas M.C. Functional and structural markers of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1117–1123.

van Vonderen M.G. , Smulders Y.M. , Stehouwer C.D. Carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in HIV-infected patients: the role of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and lipodystrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50: 153–161.