Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial biopsy-proven high PVB19 viral load

Mason J. W. . Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 60: 5–10.

D'Ambrosio A. , Patti G. , Manzoli A. The fate of acute myocarditis between spontaneous improvement and evolution to dilated cardiomyopathy: a review. Heart 2001; 85: 499–504.

Feldman A.M. , McNamara D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1388–1398.

Sivasubramanian N. , Coker M.L. , Kurrelmeyer K.M. Left ventricular remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor. Circulation 2001; 104: 826–831.

Li Y.Y. , Feng Y.Q. , Kadokami T. Myocardial extracellular matrix remodeling in transgenic mice overexpressing tumor necrosis factor alpha can be modulated by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 12746–12751.

Wessely R. , Henke A. , Zell R. , Kandolf R. , Knowlton K.U. Low-level expression of a mutant coxsackieviral cDNA induces a myocytopathic effect in culture: an approach to the study of enteroviral persistence in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 1998; 98: 450–457.

Heymans S. Inflammation and cardiac remodeling during viral myocarditis. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2006; 55: 197–218.

Afanasyeva M. , Georgakopoulos D. , Rose N.R. Autoimmune myocarditis: cellular mediators of cardiac dysfunction. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3: 476–486.

Lunardi C. , Tinazzi E. , Bason C. , Dolcino M. , Corrocher R. , Puccetti A. Human parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 8: 116–120.

Kuhl U. , Pauschinger M. , Seeberg B. Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 2005; 112: 1965–1970.

Kuhl U. , Pauschinger M. , Schwimmbeck P.L. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2003; 107: 2793–2798.

Dennert R. , Crijns H.J. , Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2073–2082.

Kuhl U. , Pauschinger M. , Noutsias M. High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with “idiopathic” left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2005; 111: 887–893.

Martin A.B. , Webber S. , Fricker F.J. Acute myocarditis. Rapid diagnosis by PCR in children. Circulation 1994; 90: 330–339.

Mahrholdt H. , Wagner A. , Deluigi C.C. Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 2006; 114: 1581–1590.

Mahrholdt H. , Goedecke C. , Wagner A. Multimedia article. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 2004; 109: 1250–1258.

Schenk T. , Enders M. , Pollak S. , Hahn R. , Huzly D. High prevalence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in myocardial autopsy samples from subjects without myocarditis or dilative cardiomyopathy. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 106–110.

Corcioli F. , Zakrzewska K. , Rinieri A. Tissue persistence of parvovirus B19 genotypes in asymptomatic persons. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 2005–2011.

Zakrzewska K. , Cortivo R. , Tonello C. Human parvovirus B19 experimental infection in human fibroblasts and endothelial cells cultures. Virus Res 2005; 114: 1–5.

Modrof J. , Berting A. , Tille B. Neutralization of human parvovirus B19 by plasma and intravenous immunoglobulins. Transfusion 2008; 48: 178–186.

Nimmerjahn F. , Ravetch J.V. Anti-inflammatory actions of intravenous immunoglobulin. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26: 513–533.

Selbing A. , Josefsson A. , Dahle L.O. , Lindgren R. Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy treated with high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet 1995; 345: 660–661.

Mouthon L. , Guillevin L. , Tellier Z. Intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune- or parvovirus B19-mediated pure red-cell aplasia. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4: 264–269.

Kazatchkine M.D. , Kaveri S.V. Immunomodulation of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 747–755.

Viguier M. , Guillevin L. , Laroche L. Treatment of parvovirus B19-associated polyarteritis nodosa with intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1481–1482.

Rosen F.S. Putative mechanisms of the effect of intravenous gamma-globulin. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 67: S41–S43.

Tavil B. , Unal S. , Aytac-Elmas S. , Yetgin S. Weekly long-term intravenous immunoglobulin for refractory parvovirus B19 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Turk J Pediatr 2008; 50: 74–77.

Mobini N. , Sarela A. , Ahmed A.R. Intravenous immunoglobulins in the therapy of autoimmune and systemic inflammatory disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995; 74: 119–128, quiz 128–133.

Watzinger F. , Suda M. , Preuner S. Real-time quantitative PCR assays for detection and monitoring of pathogenic human viruses in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5189–5198.

Gottdiener J.S. , Bednarz J. , Devereux R. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 1086–1119.

Maisch B. , Portig I. , Ristic A. , Hufnagel G. , Pankuweit S. Definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): on the way to consensus. A status report. Herz 2000; 25: 200–209.

Heymans S. , Schroen B. , Vermeersch P. Increased cardiac expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 is related to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in the chronic pressure-overloaded human heart. Circulation 2005; 112: 1136–1144.

Aretz H.T. Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 619–624.

Gorzer I. , Niesters H.G. , Cornelissen J.J. , Puchhammer-Stockl E. Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus Type I variants based on linked polymorphism among EBNA3A, -3B, and -3C genes. Virus Res 2006; 118: 105–114.

Monpoeho S. , Maul A. , Mignotte-Cadiergues B. , Schwartzbrod L. , Billaudel S. , Ferre V. Best viral elution method available for quantification of enteroviruses in sludge by both cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67: 2484–2488.

Berns K. , Parrish C.R. Parvoviridae. In Knipe D.M. , Hawley P.M. (Editors). Fields Virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2007; pp. 2437–2477.

Waldman M. , Kopp J.B. Parvovirus-B19-associated complications in renal transplant recipients. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 540–550.

Escher F. , Kuhl U. , Sabi T. Immunohistological detection of Parvovirus B19 capsid proteins in endomyocardial biopsies from dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Med Sci Monit 2008; 14: CR333–CR338.

Dalakas M.C. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. JAMA 2004; 291: 2367–2375.

Gold R. , Stangel M. , Dalakas M.C. Drug insight: the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology – therapeutic considerations and practical issues. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 36–44.

Anthony R.M. , Nimmerjahn F. , Ashline D.J. , Reinhold V.N. , Paulson J.C. , Ravetch J.V. Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with a recombinant IgG Fc. Science 2008; 320: 373–376.

Ballow M. Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 151–157.

Heymans S. , Hirsch E. , Anker S.D. Inflammation as a therapeutic target in heart failure? A scientific statement from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 119–129.

Udi N. , Yehuda S. Intravenous immunoglobulin - indications and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7: 445–452.

Kindermann I. , Kindermann M. , Kandolf R. Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation 2008; 118: 639–648.

Heymans S. , Pauschinger M. , De Palma A. Inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator or matrix metalloproteinases prevents cardiac injury and dysfunction during viral myocarditis. Circulation 2006; 114: 565–573.

Pauschinger M. , Chandrasekharan K. , Schultheiss H. P. . Myocardial remodeling in viral heart disease: possible interactions between inflammatory mediators and MMP-TIMP system. Heart Fail Rev 2004; 9: 21–31.

Klingel K. , Stephan S. , Sauter M. Pathogenesis of murine enterovirus myocarditis: virus dissemination and immune cell targets. J Virol 1996; 70: 8888–8895.

van de Vusse A.C. , Goossens V.J. , Kemler M.A. , Weber W.E. Screening of patients with complex regional pain syndrome for antecedent infections. Clin J Pain 2001; 17: 110–114.

Goebel A. , Moore A. , Weatherall R. , Roewer N. , Schedel R. , Sprotte G. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine: a study protocol [ISRCTN33042138]. BMC Neurol 2003; 3: 1.

Kerr J.R. , Cunniffe V.S. , Kelleher P. , Bernstein R.M. , Bruce I.N. Successful intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in 3 cases of parvovirus B19-associated chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: e100–e106.

Gullestad L. , Aass H. , Fjeld J.G. Immunomodulating therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2001; 103: 220–225.

McNamara D.M. , Holubkov R. , Starling R.C. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2001; 103: 2254–2259.

Pongratz G. , Lindner J. , Modrow S. , Schimanski S. , Scholmerich J. , Fleck M. Persistent parvovirus B19 infection detected by specific CD4⁺ T-cell responses in a patient with hepatitis and polyarthritis. J Intern Med 2009; 266: 296–301.