Effect of Early Antiretroviral Therapy during Primary HIV-1 Infection on Cell-Associated HIV-1 Dna and Plasma HIV-1 Rna

Ledergerber B. , Egger M. , Opravil M. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 1999; 353: 863–868.

Palella F.J. Jr. , Baker R.K. , Moorman A.C. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43: 27–34.

Strain M.C. , Gunthard H.F. , Havlir D.V. Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV: intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 4819–4824.

Wong J.K. , Hezareh M. , Gunthard H.F. Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 1997; 278: 1291–1295.

Fischer M. , Joos B. , Wong J.K. Attenuated and nonproductive viral transcription in the lymphatic tissue of HIV-1-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 273–285.

Strain M.C. , Little S.J. , Daar E.S. Effect of treatment, during primary infection, on establishment and clearance of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1410–1418.

Chun T.W. , Justement J.S. , Moir S. Decay of the HIV reservoir in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for extended periods: implications for eradication of virus. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 1762–1764.

Finzi D. , Blankson J. , Siliciano J.D. Latent infection of CD4⁺ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nat Med 1999; 5: 512–517.

Sedaghat A.R. , Siliciano R.F. , Wilke C.O. Low-level HIV-1 replication and the dynamics of the resting CD4⁺ T cell reservoir for HIV-1 in the setting of HAART. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 2.

Siliciano J.D. , Kajdas J. , Finzi D. Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4⁺ T cells. Nat Med 2003; 9: 727–728.

Chun T.W. , Engel D. , Berrey M.M. , Shea T. , Corey L. , Fauci A.S. Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 8869–8873.

Zhang L. , Ramratnam B. , Tenner-Racz K. Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1605–1613.

Ngo-Giang-Huong N. , Deveau C. , Da Silva I. Proviral HIV-1 DNA in subjects followed since primary HIV-1 infection who suppress plasma viral load after one year of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15: 665–673.

Oxenius A. , Price D.A. , Easterbrook P.J. Early highly active antiretroviral therapy for acute HIV-1 infection preserves immune function of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 3382–3387.

Steingrover R. , Pogany K. , Fernandez Garcia E. HIV-1 viral rebound dynamics after a single treatment interruption depends on time of initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22: 1583–1588.

Zhang L. , Chung C. , Hu B.S. Genetic characterization of rebounding HIV-1 after cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 839–845.

Yerly S. , Günthard H.F. , Fagard C. Proviral HIV-DNA predicts viral rebound and viral setpoint after structured treatment interruptions. AIDS 2004; 18: 1951–1953.

Ortiz G.M. , Nixon D.F. , Trkola A. HIV-1-specific immune responses in subjects who temporarily contain virus replication after discontinuation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: R13–R18.

Rosenberg E.S. , Altfeld M. , Poon S.H. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000; 407: 523–526.

Lisziewicz J. , Rosenberg E. , Lieberman J. Control of HIV despite the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1683–1684.

Lori F. , Lewis M.G. , Xu J. Control of SIV rebound through structured treatment interruptions during early infection. Science 2000; 290: 1591–1593.

Hocqueloux L. , Prazuck T. , Avettand-Fenoel V. Long-term immunovirologic control following antiretroviral therapy interruption in patients treated at the time of primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2010; 24: 1598–1601.

Kaufmann D.E. , Lichterfeld M. , Altfeld M. Limited durability of viral control following treated acute HIV infection. PLoS Med 2004; 1: e36.

Desquilbet L. , Goujard C. , Rouzioux C. Does transient HAART during primary HIV-1 infection lower the virological set-point? AIDS 2004; 18: 2361–2369.

Markowitz M. , Jin X. , Hurley A. Discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy commenced early during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, with or without adjunctive vaccination. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 634–643.

Hoen B. , Fournier I. , Lacabaratz C. Structured treatment interruptions in primary HIV-1 infection: the ANRS 100 PRIMSTOP trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40: 307–316.

Hecht F.M. , Wang L. , Collier A. A multicenter observational study of the potential benefits of initiating combination antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 725–733.

Mellors J.W. , Kingsley L.A. , Rinaldo C.R. Jr. . Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 573–579.

Sterling T.R. , Vlahov D. , Astemborski J. , Hoover D.R. , Margolick J.B. , Quinn T.C. Initial plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and progression to AIDS in women and men. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 720–725.

Aceto L. , Karrer U. , Grube C. [Primary HIV-1 infection in Zurich: 2002–2004.] Praxis (Bern 1994) 2005; 94: 1199–1205. German.

Fiebig E.W. , Wright D.J. , Rawal B.D. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2003; 17: 1871–1879.

Rusert P. , Kuster H. , Joos B. Virus isolates during acute and chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection show distinct patterns of sensitivity to entry inhibitors. J Virol 2005; 79: 8454–8469.

Janssen R.S. , Satten G.A. , Stramer S.L. New testing strategy to detect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA 1998; 280: 42–48.

Rieder P. , Joos B. , von Wyl V. HIV-1 transmission after cessation of early antiretroviral therapy among men having sex with men. AIDS 2010; 24: 1177–1183.

Thompson M.A. , Aberg J.A. , Cahn P. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2010 recommendations of the International AIDS Society – USA Panel. JAMA 2010; 304: 321–333.

Daar E.S. , Moudgil T. , Meyer R.D. , Ho D.D. Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 961–964.

Graziosi C. , Pantaleo G. , Butini L. Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and RNA synthesis during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 6405–6409.

The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Cohort profile: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1179–1189.

Christopherson C. , Kidane Y. , Conway B. , Krowka J. , Sheppard H. , Kwok S. PCR-Based assay to quantify human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 630–634.

Althaus C.F. , Gianella S. , Rieder P. Rational design of HIV-1 fluorescent hydrolysis probes considering phylogenetic variation and probe performance. J Virol Methods 2010; 165: 151–160.

von Wyl V. , Yerly S. , Boni J. Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance in previously untreated patients initiating combination antiretroviral treatment: a comparison of different regimen types. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1782–1790.

Fischer M. , Joos B. , Niederost B. Biphasic decay kinetics suggest progressive slowing in turnover of latently HIV-1 infected cells during antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2008; 5: 107.

Kaiser P. , Joos B. , Niederöst B. , Weber R. , Günthard H.F. , Fischer M. Productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in peripheral blood predominantly takes place in CD4/CD8 double-negative T lymphocytes? J Virol 2007; 81: 9693–9706.

Kinloch-de Loes S. Treatment of acute HIV-1 infection: is it coming of age? J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 721–724.

Cellerai C. , Little S.J. , Loes S.K. Treatment of acute HIV-1 infection: are we getting there? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008; 3: 67–74.

Smith D.E. , Walker B.D. , Cooper D.A. , Rosenberg E.S. , Kaldor J.M. Is antiretroviral treatment of primary HIV infection clinically justified on the basis of current evidence? AIDS 2004; 18: 709–718.

Malhotra U. , Berrey M.M. , Huang Y. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on T-cell immunity in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 121–131.

Brenchley J.M. , Douek D.C. HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1: 23–30.

Brenchley J.M. , Schacker T.W. , Ruff L.E. CD4⁺ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 749–759.

Deeks S.G. , Walker B.D. Human immunodeficiency virus controllers: mechanisms of durable virus control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Immunity 2007; 27: 406–416.

Richman D.D. , Wrin T. , Little S.J. , Petropoulos C.J. Rapid evolution of the neutralizing antibody response to HIV type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 4144–4149.

Wei X. , Decker J.M. , Wang S. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 2003; 422: 307–312.

Huber M. , Fischer M. , Misselwitz B. Complement lysis activity in autologous plasma is associated with lower viral loads during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med 2006; 3: e441.

Hughes M.D. , Johnson V.A. , Hirsch M.S. Monitoring plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in addition to CD4⁺ lymphocyte count improves assessment of antiretroviral therapeutic response. ACTG 241 Protocol Virology Substudy Team. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 929–938.

Mellors J.W. , Munoz A. , Giorgi J.V. Plasma viral load and CD4⁺ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 946–954.

Goujard C. , Bonarek M. , Meyer L. CD4 cell count and HIV DNA level are independent predictors of disease progression after primary HIV type 1 infection in untreated patients. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 709–715.

Rouzioux C. , Hubert J.B. , Burgard M. Early levels of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are predictive of disease progression independently of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4⁺ T cell counts. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 46–55.

Avettand-Fènoël V. , Boufassa F. , Galimand J. , Meyer L. , Rouzioux C. HIV-1 DNA for the measurement of the HIV reservoir is predictive of disease progression in seroconverters whatever the mode of result expression is. J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 399–404.

Minga A.K. , Anglaret X. , d'Aquin Toni T. HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is strongly associated with HIV-1 disease progression in recently infected West African adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48: 350–354.

Volberding P. , Demeter L. , Bosch R.J. Antiretroviral therapy in acute and recent HIV infection: a prospective multicenter stratified trial of intentionally interrupted treatment. AIDS 2009; 23: 1987–1995.

Perrin L. Primary HIV infection. Antivir Ther 1999; 4 Suppl 3: 13–18.

Müller V. , Ledergerber B. , Perrin L. Stable virulence levels in the HIV epidemic of Switzerland over two decades. AIDS 2006; 20: 889–894.