Summary of Presentations from the International Workshop on Antiviral Drug Resistance: Meeting the Global Challenge,3–7 June 2014,Berlin,Germany

Dybul M. State of the global pandemic: progress and challenges. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A3.

Vitoria M. Global access to new therapies. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A22.

Schapiro J. Optimal regimens to limit resistance in resource-limited settings. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A23.

De Luca A. , Hamers R.L. , Schapiro J.M. Antiretroviral treatment sequencing strategies to overcome HIV type 1 drug resistance in adolescents and adults in low-middle-income countries. J Infect Dis 2013; 207 Suppl 2: S63–S69.

Abrams E. The resistance implications of B- versus B+. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A6.

Raizes E. The purpose of HIV drug resistance surveillance. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A8.

Bertagnolio S. HIV drug resistance surveillance: what are the implications for programmes in low and middle-income countries? Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A9.

Hamers R. Global spread of HIV-1 resistance: impact on response to ART. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A25.

Yang C. , Zhang G. , Megazzini K. HIV drug resistance in adults in the Kenyan National Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Program: pilot surveys at sentinel clinics. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A92.

Rivadeneira E. , DeVos J. , Dziuban E. High prevalence of L74V/I mutations in Kenyan children with virologic failure. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A90.

Chung M. , Yatich N. , Bii S. Increasing transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in Kenya between 2006 and 2013. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A29.

Aghokeng A. , Guichet E. , Serrano L. High viral load in patients failing first line ART is associated with multidrug resistance in resource limited countries. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A42.

Fraser C. Modelling the spread and evolution of HIV-1 drug resistance in concentrated MSM epidemics. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A4.

Alizon S. , Fraser C. Within-host and between-host evolutionary rates across the HIV-1 genome. Retrovirology 2013; 10: 49.

Mourad R. , Chevennet F. , Dunn D. Transmission and persistence of antiretroviral resistance amongst drug naive HIV positive individuals in the United Kingdom. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A31.

Cunningham E. , Bibby D. , Lythgow K. Enhanced surveillance of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance and transmission clusters in recently infected UK MSM. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A30.

Todesco E. , Wirden M. , Charpentier C. Transmitted drug resistance in MSM is five times more frequent with ultradeep sequencing than with classical sequencing. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A59.

Li J-F , Linley L. , Kline R. , Heneine W. , Johnson J. Mutation, viral load, and demographic associations among persons with minority-level transmitted drug resistance. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A60.

Casadellà M. , Noguera-Julian M. , Sunpath H. Prevalence of the K65R mutation in subtype C HIV-1-infected subjects failing TDF-containing first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa using deep sequencing. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A76.

Si-Mohammed A. , Mansour-Hendili L. , Pavie J. Roche/454 pyrosequencing to explore archived HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in comparison with traditional Sanger-based sequencing. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A77.

Thielen A. , Martini N. , Thiele B. , Däumer M. Validation of HIV-1 drug resistance testing by deep sequencing: insights from comparative Sanger sequencing. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A78.

Ode H. , Matsuoka K. , Matsuda M. HIV-1 near full-length genome analysis by next-generation sequencing: evaluation of quasispecies and minority drug resistance. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A80.

Monge S. , Díez M. , álvarez M. , Iribarren J. Use of cohort data to estimate national prevalence of HIV transmitted drug resistance in Spain (2007–2012). Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A61.

Choi J-Y , Park M. , Kwon O-K , Choi B. , Kee M-K , Kim S. National survey for drug-resistant variants in newly diagnosed antiretroviral drug-naive patients with HIV/AIDS in South Korea: 1999–2005 vs. 2006–2012. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A63.

Parczewski M. , Urbanska A. , Witak-Jedra M. Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in Poland in subtype B and non-B clades - multicentre study. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A64.

Pham Q. , Wilson D. , Law M. , Kelleher A. , Zhang L. Transmission modes of HIV and risk of infection of antiretroviral resistance among treatment-naive HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A65.

Hattori J. , Shiino T. , Sugiura W. Molecular epidemiology of recent seroconverters and drug-resistant HIV-1 transmission networks in Japan. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A66.

Turner D. , Finn T. , Matos N. Prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in Tel-Aviv, Israel, from 2010–2013. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A67.

Kireev D. , Grossman Z. , Lopatuxin A. Analysis of HIV transmission in the Russian Federation. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A68.

Lai A. , Franzetti M. , Prosperi M. Epidemiological characteristics and trend of HIV-1 transmission chains in Italy. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A69.

Loubet P. , Charpentier C. , Visseaux B. Prevalence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in Liberia. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A88.

MacLeod I. , Rowley C. , Essex M. Pan degenerate amplification and adaptation for rapid, highly sensitive detection of ARV drug resistance. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A32.

Zhou S. , Bednar M. , Sturdevant C. , Spudich S. , Price R. , Swanstrom R. Primer ID deep sequencing of HIV-1 env region to reveal the genetic structure of viral populations with X4 variants. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A33.

Jabara C.B. , Jones C.D. , Roach J. , Anderson J.A. , Swanstrom R. Accurate sampling and deep sequencing of the HIV-1 protease gene using a Primer ID. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 20166–20171.

Paredes R. , Noguera-Julian M. , Pou C. , Horton J. , Remlinger K. , Vavro C. An analysis of minor variants in HIV-1 integrase (IN) for subjects with only historic evidence of integrase inhibitor (INI) resistance enrolled in study ING112574 (VIKING-3). Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A43.

Malik S. , Morris L. , Yang C. Differentially expressed drug-resistant HIV subpopulations identified by surface marker immunocapture. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A52.

Heneine W. Non-human primate models of drug resistance and efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A5.

Faria N. Establishment and early spread of the AIDS pandemic. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A7.

Sluis-Cremer N. Resistance complexities: the emerging profile of cross-resistance among NNRTIs. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A24.

Lai M-T , Feng M. , Sachs N. Doravirine (MK-1439): a novel HIV-1 NNRTI with a distinct resistance profile. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A125.

Lataillade M. , Zhou N. , Joshi S. HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: primary week 24 analysis of emergent drug resistance. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A49.

Ferrari C. Immune dysfunction in CHB: the role of T-cell lymphocyte exhaustion. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A12.

Roggendorf M. Viral eradication in the chronically infected woodchuck model of HBV. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A13.

Kosinska A.D. , Zhang E. , Johrden L. Combination of DNA prime–adenovirus boost immunization with entecavir elicits sustained control of chronic hepatitis B in the woodchuck model. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003391.

Liu J. , Zhang E. , Ma Z. Enhancing virus-specific immunity in vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10: e1003856.

Levrero M. Eradication strategies: can we eliminate or silence cccDNA and cure CHB? Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A14.

Zoulim F. HBV eradication strategies: non-cccDNA targets and eradication. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A15.

Dusheiko G. Achieving a cure in hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A16.

Lacombe K. HIV-HBV co-infection in developing countries: epidemiology, resistance and optimal regimens. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A26.

Svicher V. , Salpini R. , Alteri C. Immunosuppression-driven HBV reactivation is characterized by HBsAg mutants with enhanced capability to escape immune response. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A35.

Geretti A. , Aoudjane S. , Chaponda M. Severe virologic expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in HIV-positive adults starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Malawi. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A36.

Geretti A. , Stockdale A. , Appiah L. HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) outcomes after switching stavudine or zidovudine to tenofovir in subjects receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ghana. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A37.

Kuntzen T. Pre-existence of HCV variants conferring resistance to DAAs: assessment, frequencies, and consequences for antiviral therapies? Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A17.

Schinkel J. Resistance to PI-based triple therapies: do we need direct, clonal or deep sequencing and can we retreat patients with PIs? Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A18.

Bartenschlager R. Molecular mechanisms for mode of action and resistance to NS5A inhibitors. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A19.

McPhee F. Clinical resistance to NS5A inhibitors: virologic escape and long-term persistence. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A20.

Mo H. HCV nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitors: antiviral activities and barriers to resistance among different HCV genotype and subtypes. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A21.

Dvory-Sobol H. , Doehle B. , Svarovskaia E. The prevalence of HCV NS5A, nucleoside and protease inhibitor resistance associated variants and the effects on treatment with ledipasvir sofosbuvir +/-RBV in the Phase 3 ION studies. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A38.

Dietz J. , Rupp D. , Perner D. Investigation of NS3 protease resistance mutations for the prediction of treatment response to HCV triple therapy. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A40.

Soumana D. , Ali A. , Prachanronarong K. , Aydin C. , Schiffer C. The role of macrocyclization in hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor MK-5172 drug resistance profile. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A41.

Heinrich B. , Vince B. , Hill J. Persistence of resistance-associated variants in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1-4 infected subjects following 3-day samatasvir monotherapy. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A45.

Howe A. , Black S. , Pak I. Resistance profile of MK-5172 in interferon- containing- and interferon-free regimens. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A46.

Newton A. , Frantzell A. , Toma J. The D168N mutation in HCV protease restores replication capacity to R155T protease inhibitor resistant variants. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A47.

Kozal M. , Chiarella J. , Lee C. Detection of hepatitis C (HCV) NS5A and NS3 drug resistance associated mutations (RAMs) and polymorphisms by deep sequencing in subjects from BMS AI452008 Part A (the D-LITE Study). Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A48.

Kellam P. The emerging threats from influenza and MERS coronaviruses. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A11.

WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) summary and literature update – as of 11 June 2014. (Updated 11 June 2014. Accessed 27 June 2014.) Available from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERS-CoV_summary_update_20140611.pdf?ua=1.

Zeldovich K. , Bolon D. , Caffrey D. Deep sequencing reveals emergence of drug resistance mutations in the influenza quasispecies population. Antivir Ther 2014; 19 Suppl 1: A34.

Renzette N. , Caffrey D.R. , Zeldovich K.B. Evolution of the influenza A virus genome during development of oseltamivir resistance in vitro. J Virol 2014; 88: 272–281.