Abstract
Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a newly defined entity among salivary gland malignancies which has just been established in the 4th edition of the WHO classification of head and neck tumors. MASC (synonym: secretory carcinoma) are characterized by a specific rearangement of the ETV6 gene locus. Here, we present a series of 3 MASC cases including clinical data with follow-up for up to 26 months. All tumours immunhistochemically displayed strong positivity for cytokeratin 7, and mammaglobin, focal positivity for S100, cytokeratin 5/6 and muc-4. In contrast, immunhistochemical stainings against cytokeratin 14, hormon receptors, Her2/neu, androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen were consistently negative. FISH analysis showed translocation of the ETV6 gene locus in the majority of tumour cell nuclei. During clinical follow-up, no local relapse or metastasis was detected. As these carcinomas are clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from other salivary gland tumours and as therapeutic approaches and prognosis might differ, we need to be able to diagnose MASC correctly.
Introduction
The first description of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) was published by Skalova et al. in 2010. 1 Since then, more than 70 additional cases have been reported, 2 often in small series of 10 cases or fewer.3,4 MASC are mostly located in the parotid region but can appear in any location of the head and neck region. 5 Patients at all age are affected, including children and young adults.6–10 MASC are considered to be of low-grade malignancy; however, high-grade transformation and aggressive clinical behaviour has been described.3,6,11,12 The prognostic impact of MASC is not clear as yet, although evidence exists that MASC has a comparable prognosis to other (low-grade) salivary gland tumors.1,13 MASC are mostly small tumours measuring typically only a few centimeters in diameter. 5 Clinical/radological characteristics include their description as solitary tumour masses with a partially cystic architecture and clear defined margins, comparable with secretory carcinomas in the breast. 14 Histological misinterpretation of MASC as pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, adenocarcinoma not other specific (NOS), low-grade salivary duct carcinomas or acinic cell carcinomas (ACC) is common and can lead to wrong therapeutic approaches.2,5,15 A distinct genetic alteration, the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion with translocation t(12;15) (p13;q25),15,16 has been described for MASC by analogy to the genetic profile of secretory breast carcinoma;17,18 however, ETV6 rearrangement with fusion partners other than NTRK3 have recently been reported. 19 These translocations are typically not present in other salivary gland neoplasms and might help to find the correct diagnosis.15,20 This study includes three cases with detailed immunhistochemical characerization and a discussion of differential diagnosis to avoid MASC being a diagnostic pitfall, espcially in small biopsies of salivary gland tumours.
Materials and Methods
Patient Samples and Clinical Data
Three patients with primary diagnosis of MASC were included. For this study, diagnosis of MASC was reviewed by independent consultant pathologists, all expert in salivary gland pathology. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (no. 212108) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Immunhistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry was performed on 3 μm sections derived from formalinfixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Samples were immunhistochemically stained by using the Ventana Benchmark system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacterer's protocol. Antibodies against cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6; 1:50, Dako; Hamburg, Germany), cytokertain 7 (CK7; 1:150, ZytoVision, Bremerhaven, Germany), cytokeratin 14 (CK14; 1:300, DC Systems, Hamburg, Germany), p53 (1:200; Dako, Hamburg, Germany), S100 (1:6000, Dako, Hamburg, Germany), estrogen receptor and progesteron receptor (each 1:20, DC Systems, Hamburg, Germany), Her2/neu (1:300, Dako, Hamburg, Germany), mammaglobin (1:100, Menarini Diagnsotics, Berlin, Germany), muc 4 (1:300, Santa Cruz, Heidelberg, Germany), prostate-specific antigen (PSA; 1:3000, Dako, Hamburg, Germany), androgen receptor (AR; 1:1; CellMarque, Darmstadt, Germany) and Ki67/MIB-1 (1:50, Dako, Hamburg, Germany) were applied.
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization
For fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the ETV6 Dual Color Breakapart probe (ZytoVision, Bremerhaven, Germany) was used according to the manufacterer 's portocol. Hybridized slides were examined with an Zeiss AxioScope fluorescence microscope via a 10× and 63× oil objective. One hundred randomly selected non-overlapping tumour cell nuclei were examined for the presence of colocated (yellow) or translocated (green and red) signals.
Results
Clinical Data and Follow-up Data
This study includes three cases of MASC treated at the Klinikum rechts der Isar (Munich, Germany) and the Department of Otolaryngology (Lübeck Germany), including two male and one female patient (Table 1). The age of patients ranged from 34 to 74 years. Tumours were either located in the parotid region (2 cases: C2 and C3) or in the mouth floor (C1) arising from the minor salivary glands. Interestingly, one case of parotideal MASC was located close to an additional pleomorphic adenoma (C2). Clinical symptoms were variable, mainly depending on the tumour location. Both parotideal cases presented with (painless or painful) swelling and tumour history of up to one year. The mucosal-associated tumour nodule at the floor of the mouth caused increasing pain and was therefore resected one month after the onset of pain. All tumours were small (ranging from 0.8 cm to 2.2 cm, all pT1) and clinically sharply demarcated. Tumours were radically resected and, in two cases, additional neck dissection of the ipsilateral levels (for C1: levels I-III, for C3: levels IIV) was performed. No adjuvant therapy was applied. Follow-up was carried out for all patients and, to date (up to 26 months), no loco-regional recurrence or metastases have occurred.
Clinical data of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma patients.
Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Profile of Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma
All three tumours displayed a characteristic morphological pattern: well-circumscribed, at least partially encapsulated tumour nodules consisting of epithelial nests arranged in tubular and tubulocystic, papillary and cribiform structures with sometimes intermingled foamy histiocytes and abundant intraluminal (Alcian-PASpositive) secretory material (Figure 1). Tumour cells showed low cellular pleomorphism, a moderate cell size with a mostly polygonal shape, eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval to round nuclei with focally vacuolated caryoplasma. No or only very few typical mitosis were seen. Necrotic areas were not detectable. Diastase-resistant PAS-positive granula were absent. Immunohistochemically (Figure 1), all tumors displayed strong staining for CK7 and moderate to strong positivity for S100 and mammaglobin (Figure 1). Focal positivity for CK5/6 in all cases and moderate to strong positivity for muc-4 in two cases were additionally detected. The proliferation rate was calculated up to 10% (C1: 5%, C2: 10%, C3: 5%). In contrast, CK14, hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptor), Her2/neu, p53, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and androgen receptor (AR) were consistently negative in all three cases (Supplementary Figure S1). All three cases showed translocation of the ETV6 gene locus in up to 60% of tumour cell nuclei (Supplementary Figure S1). A complete overview of the staining profile of each MASC case can be found in Supplementary Table S1.
Haematoxylin and eosin staining and relevant immunhistochemical markers in mammary analogue secretory carcinoma. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Discussion
MASC of the salivary gland is a recently described, distinct, new entity that has just been established in the new WHO classification of head and neck tumors (4th edition, 2017). We present three cases of MASC harbouring the typical ETV6 rearrangement and showing a homogeneous immunohistochemical profile including strong positivity for CK7, S100, partially for muc-4 and mammaglobin. 21 Interestingly, as previously described in the literature,21,22 no expression of hormone receptors [estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor] or Her2/neu was detectable; Her2/neu overexpression (or Her2/neu gene amplification) is a potential therapeutic option that has been subject of controversial discussion in secretory mammary carcinoma, which is the counterpart of MASC in the breast.23,24 The focal positivity of CK5/6 of MASC combined with its negativity for hormone receptors and Her2/neu might therefore point to its more basal-like phenotype. Because of its eosinophilic, partially cystic appearance with the formation of glandular and tubular structures, MASC might easily be misinterpreted, especially in small biopsies. 25 As main differential diagnostic considerations include benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms with various grade of malignancy, it is essential to consider the right diagnosis already in small biopsies. Among the most common salivary gland neoplasms that simulates MASC especially pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinus cell carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma and adenocarcinoma not other specified are found.15,26,27 MASC can easily mimic pleomorphic adenoma (PA) both clinically and histologically. Main causes for misleading diagnosis of PA are i) often sharply demarked growth pattern of MASC and ii) histologically tubulocystic appearance as well as diffuse S100 positivity. However, PA can be securely ruled out by staining for mammaglobin and/or muc-4, as pleomorphic adenomas are reported to be negative for these markers. 28 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma offers some potential for misdiagnosis, as MASC can focally be positive for CK5/6 and therefore mimic typical squamoid nests of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. However, mucocytes as a key finding in mucoepidermoid carcinomas are not present in MASC. In addition, the majority of mucoepidermoid carcinomas harbour the specific translocation of the mastermindlike2 (MAML2) gene locus.29,30 Acinus cell carcinoma, probably the most common misdiagnosis of MASC, is characterized by diastase PAS-resistent zymogen granula and an immunohistochemical profile that includes negative immunohistochemical staining for mammaglobin and S100.2,31 Cases of MASC with a more apokrine appearance can be separated from salivary duct carcinoma by the immunohistochemical staining of androgen receptor, PSA and Her2/neu.32–35 Finally, the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma not other specified (adenocarcinoma NOS) should be a diagnosis of exclusion and considered carefully as these tumours are high-grade neoplasms and diagnosis at biopsy therefore might provoke a more aggressive therapeutic approach.5,36,37
However, if the immunohistochemical profile is inconsistent, FISH analysis for the rearrangement of the ETV6 gene locus will help to diagnose MASC correctly. According to literature, ETV translocation to date seems to be specific for MASC; 38 approximately 70% to 100% (as reported in our three cases) of MASC show typical ETV6 translocation.38–41 Interestingly, one of our cases (C2) showed a neighbouring pleomorphic adenoma, a finding that is not unknown for MASC, 26 and so clinicians should be aware that multinodular lesions in salivary glands might harbour two different entities.
Conclusions
In conclusion, MASC is an important molecularly defined entity of the salivary gland with low-grade malignant potential in the majority of cases reported to date. Correct diagnostic is essential for appropriate treatment and will help to provide better information about this new type of potentially low-grade malignant salivary gland neoplasm.