Immediate Results of Percutaneous Trans-Luminal Mitral Commissurotomy in Pregnant Women with Severe Mitral Stenosis

Introduction

Valvular heart diseases complicate 0.5 to 1.5 percent of all pregnancies. ¹ Mitral stenosis is the most common form with increased pregnancy and delivery complications for both mother and neonate. ² During pregnancy physiological hemodynamic changes of the circulation are the main cause of mitral stenosis decompensation. ³ The symptoms are poorly tolerated especially beyond second trimester and in other cases may lead to frank heart failure.^4,5 Most pregnant women with mitral stenosis can be adequately treated with medical therapy and sometimes an invasive procedure is mandatory.^6–9 Before the introduction of percutaneous transluminal mitral comissurotomy (PTMC) surgical comissurotomy was the sole answer to pregnant women with refractory symptoms. The high mortality rate (1.8% to 33%) of surgery and favorable outcome of PTMC in relieving symptoms plus lower risk of fetal death made PTMC more popular.^10–15 Prospective studies on PTMC and its effect on pregnancy outcome and neonate are needed. In this study we aimed to investigate the clinical outcome of pregnant women undergoing PTMC and to assess the neonate condition after one month.

Material and Methods

A consecutive series of thirty three pregnant women undergoing PTMC in Rajaei Heart Center from March 2004 to March 2009 enrolled in this prospective descriptive study. The study was approved by ethical committee of Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center.

Patients with severe mitral stenosis and following criteria were scheduled for invasive intervention: Progressive symptoms during first trimester in spite of adequate medical therapy, severe hemoptysis, and history of acute pulmonary edema during pregnancy.

Excluding criteria were severe mitral regurgitation and left atrial thrombus. PTMC was performed using Inoue balloon. Balloon diameters were chosen according to the patient's body surface. Lead shields were used to protect the abdomen during the procedure limiting fetal radiation exposure. Fluoroscopy time was measured during the procedure. Heparin (80 IU/kg, intravenously) was administered twice during the procedure. Mitral valve area, transmitral valve gradient and severity of mitral regurgitation were measured before and 24 hours after the procedure by means of two-dimensional and transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a General Electric Vivid 3 machine with a 2.5-MHz probe, and images obtained in parasternal long and short axis and apical two- and four-chamber views. Mitral valve area, mean transmitral gradient, and severity of mitral regurgitation were assessed before the procedure, 24 hr after it, and during long-term follow-up. Mitral valve morphology was also evaluated before the procedure using criteria by Wilkins et al. ¹⁶ Mitral valve velocities were assessed with continuous-wave Doppler and mitral valve area was estimated from the Doppler pressure half-time method. ¹⁷ Mitral regurgitation was graded as mild, moderate, or severe according to jet length and area by two independent observers. Clinical follow-up after hospital discharge was accomplished by medical visits one month after discharge and was continued to the next year at the three months intervals. Finally patients were scheduled to be visited every 6 months for life time. Moreover, all babies were examined after delivery for any malformation and their development was assessed after one month. Continuous variables are expressed in mean ± SD. Comparison between the groups was accomplished by Student's two-tailed test. A P value of 0.05 was considered of statistical significance.

Results

Demographic data are summarized in Table 1. Mean maternal age was 31.55 ± 6.3 years and mean gestational age was 21.85 ± 5.8 weeks. PTMC was performed successfully in all patients. After the procedure, mean MVA increased from 0.83 ± 0.13 cm² to 1.38 ± 0.29 cm² (P-value <0.001). Mean MVG significantly decreased from 15.5 ± 7.4 mmHg to 2.3 ± 2.3 mmHg (P-value <0.001). Also a significant decrease in pulmonary artery pressure was detected from 65 ± 18 mmHg to 50 ± 15 mmHg (P = 0.012). Mean left atrial pressure decreased significantly from 28.3 ± 7.2 to 15 ± 5.45. No significant change occurred in left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end diastolic volume before and after procedure (Table 2). Symptoms of heart failure improved in all patients, and none of them experienced NYHA class III or IV (Table 3). Mitral regurgitation in six patients changed from mild to moderate and in one case to severe after procedure (Table 4). No maternal death, abortion, or intrauterine growth retardation was reported. There was one case with stillbirth and four neonates with respiratory distress. Infants assessed after one month by pediatrics and all had normal growth and development.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of study population.

Mean maternal weight (kg)	60.55
Mean maternal height (cm)	158.12
Mean age (year)	31.55 ± 6.3
Mean gestational age (weeks)	21.85 ± 5.8
Function class (n)
NYHA class I	1
NYHA class II	11
NYHA class III	19
NYHA class IV	2
Mitral regurgitation
None	15
Mild	17
Moderate	1
Echocardiographic mitral valve score before PTMC
<8	15
9-10	17
>10	1
Left atrial thrombus
Yes	0
No	33
Left atrial appendage thrombus
Yes	2
No	31
Rhythm
Normal sinus rhythm	30
Atrial fibrillation	3
Previous valvular disease
Yes	23
No	10
Previous invasive procedure
Yes	10
No	23
Type of previous procedure
PTMC	8
CMVC	1
OMVC + PTMC	1
Mean gestational age at valvotomy	22 ± 5.8

Abbreviations: NYHA, New York Heart Association; CMVC, closed mitral valve commissurotomy; OMVC, open mitral valve commissurotomy.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Table 2.

Clinical data of patients.

Index	Pre-procedure	Post-procedure	P value
Mitral valve area	0.83 ± 0.14	1.39 ± 0.29	0.007
Pulmonary artery pressure	65.24 ± 17.9	50.45 ± 15.33	0.012
Left ventricular ejection fraction	51.97 ± 5.99	51.82 ± 5.7
Left atrial pressure	28.3 ± 7.2	15 ± 5.45	0.01
Left ventricular end diastolic pressure	12.33 ± 4.9	12.64 ± 4.74
Mitral valve gradient	15.55 ± 7.41	2.36 ± 2.36	0.001>

OPEN IN VIEWER

Table 3.

Changes in functional capacity (NYHA) after PTMC.

Function capacity	0	I	II	III	IV	P value
Before PTMC	–	1 (3%)	11 (33.3%)	19 (57.6%)	2 (6.1%)	<0.001
After PTMC	17 (51.5%)	15 (45.5%)	1 (3%)	–	–

OPEN IN VIEWER

Table 4.

Changes in mitral regurgitation produced by PTMC (by echocardiography).

Mitral regurgitation	Non	Mild	Moderate	Severe	P value
Before PTMC	15 (45.5%)	17 (51.5%)	1 (3%)	–	0.005
After PTMC	12 (36.4%)	13 (39.4%)	7 (21.2%)	1 (3%)

Discussion

Pregnancy is characterized by a hyper dynamic state with significant change of hemodynamic especially between the 24th and 26th week of gestation and can explain decompensation in pregnant women with critical mitral stenosis.^1,3 However, most patients respond well to adequate medical therapy. In some cases, maximal clinical therapy is not enough and an invasive intervention is required. Surgical mitral commissurotomy was performed during pregnancy with precautions mainly due to the high mortality rates of mother and neonates.^15–17 Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty was first performed in 1984. PTMC proved a safe procedure with outstanding results. However, studies with proper follow-up have not yet been fully described. The present study shows an excellent outcome for the patients after PTMC. After the successful procedure, all of the patients were in FC I or II and none of them required an additional surgical procedure until the end of pregnancy. In addition, there were no deaths related to the procedure. Echocardiographic examinations also showed favorable results, with a significant increase in mitral valve area and decrease in transmitral gradient shortly after the procedure. Only one case of severe mitral regurgitation was observed.

The excellent results observed after PTMC in this study can be attributed to the young age of the group and suitable mitral valve morphology. These parameters are both important predictors of short and long term results.^16,18

There were neither maternal nor fetal deaths directly related to the procedure. No fetal abnormalities were found during examination and no clinical abnormalities could be associated with the use of radiation. Concerning the radiation exposure, the maximum safe radiation dose for the mother and the child has been established as 5 rads. Similar fluoroscopy time and the same protection used in other series, reported the total amount of received radiation to be approximately 0.5 rads, therefore far below the established limit.

In summary, due to the favorable results observed, percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty can be considered the procedure of choice to treat pregnant women with mitral stenosis unresponsive to adequate medical therapy.

Conclusion

The present study shows an excellent outcome for the patients after PTMC with no clinical abnormalities associated to the use of radiation in neonates.

Disclosures

Author(s) have provided signed confirmations to the publisher of their compliance with all applicable legal and ethical obligations in respect to declaration of conflicts of interest, funding, authorship and contributorship, and compliance with ethical requirements in respect to treatment of human and animal test subjects. If this article contains identifiable human subject(s) author(s) were required to supply signed patient consent prior to publication. Author(s) have confirmed that the published article is unique and not under consideration nor published by any other publication and that they have consent to reproduce any copyrighted material. The peer reviewers declared no conflicts of interest.