The Effectiveness of Distance Interventions for Increasing Physical Activity: A Review

Armstrong T Bauman A Davies J . Physical Activity Patterns of Australian Adults. Results of the 1999 National Physical Activity Survey. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2000.

Brownson RC Boehmer TK Luke DA . Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors? Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:421–443.

Marcus BH Owen N Forsyth LH . Physical activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:362–378.

Marshall AL Bauman AE Owen N . Reaching out to promote physical activity in Australia: a statewide randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted intervention. Am J Health Promot. 2004;18:283–287.

King AC . Clinical and community interventions to promote and support physical activity participation. In: Dishman RK , ed. Advances in Exercise Adherence. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1994:183–212.

Lampinen P Heikkinen E . Reduced mobility and physical activity as predictors of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults: an eight-year follow-up study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15:205–211.

Marcus BH Bock BC Pinto BM . Initiation and maintenance of exercise behavior. In: Gochman DS , ed. Handbook of Health Behavior Research. Vol II. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1997:335–352.

Taylor WC Baranowski T Young DR . Physical activity interventions in low-income, ethnic minority, and populations with disability. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:334–343.

Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.

van den Berg M Schoones JW Vliet Vlieland TPM . Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res. 2007;9:e26.

Napolitano MA Marcus BH . Targeting and tailoring physical activity information using print and information technologies. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002;30:122–128.

Dishman RK Buckworth J . Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1996;28:706–719.

Marcus BH Nigg CR Riebe D Forsyth LH . Interactive communication strategies: implications for population-based physical-activity promotion. Am J Prev Med. 2000;19:121–126.

Kahn EB Ramsey LT Brownson RC . The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:s73–s107.

Dunn AL Andersen RE Jakicic JM . Lifestyle physical activity interventions. History, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:398–412.

Marshall AL Owen N Bauman AE . Mediated approaches for influencing physical activity: update of the evidence on mass media, print, telephone and website delivery of interventions. J Sci Med Sport. 2004;7:s74–s80.

Vandelanotte C Spathonis KM Eakin EG Owen N . Website-delivered physical activity intervention: a review of the literature. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33:54–64.

Prochaska JO DiClemente CC . Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:390–395.

Prochaska JO Johnson S Lee P . The transtheoretical model of behavior change. In: Shumaker SA Schron EB , eds. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co; 1998:59–84.

Kreuter MW Strecher VJ Glassman B . One size does not fit all: the case for tailoring print materials. Ann Behav Med. 1999;21:276–283.

Bandura A . Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc; 1986.

Booth ML . Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71:s114–s120.

Di Blasi Z Harkenss E Ernst E . Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2001;357:757–762.

Kilbourne AM Schulberg HC Post EP . Translating evidence-based depression management services to community-based primary care practices. Milbank Q. 2004;82:631–659.

Col NF . Challenges in translating research into practice. J Womens Health. 2005;14:87–95.

Podsakoff PM MacKenzie SB Lee J Podsakoff NP . Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88:879–903.

Kalichman SC Kelly JA Stevenson LY . Priming effects of HIV risk assessments on related perceptions and behavior: an experimental field study. AIDS Behav. 1997;1:3–8.

Tourangeau R Smith TW . Asking sensitive questions: the impact of data collection mode, question format and question context. Public Opin Q. 1996;60:275–304.

Adams J White M . Are activity promotion interventions based on the transtheoretical model effective? A critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:106–114.

Kreuter MW Oswald DL Bull FC Clark EM . Are tailored health education materials always more effective than non-tailored materials? Health Educ Res. 2000;15:305–315.

Napolitano MA Fotheringham M Tate D . Evaluation of an Internet-based physical activity intervention: a preliminary investigation. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25:92–99.

Whitelaw S Baldwin S Bunton R Flynn D . The status of evidence and outcomes in stages of change research. Health Educ Res. 2000;15:707–718.

Dishman RK Oldenburg B O'Neal H Shephard RJ . Worksite physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:344–361.

Hillsdon M Foster C Thorogood M . Interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD003180.

Wantland DJ Portillo CJ Hölzerner WL . The effectiveness of web-based vs. non-web-based interventions: a meta-analysis of behavioral change outcomes. J Med Internet Res. 2004;6:e40.

van Sluijs EMF van Poppel MNM van Mechelen W . Stage-based lifestyle interventions in primary care, are they effective? Am J Prev Med. 2004;26:330–343.

Marshall AL Bauman AE Owen N . Population-based randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25:194–202.

Leslie E Marshall AL Owen N Bauman A . Engagement and retention of participants in a physical activity website. Prev Med. 2005;40:54–59.

Cardinal BJ Sachs ML . Prospective analysis of stage-of-exercise movement following mail-delivered, self-instructional exercise packets. Am J Health Promot. 1995;9:430–432.

Cardinal BJ Sachs ML . Effects of mail-mediated, stage-matched exercise behavior change strategies on female adults’ leisure-time exercise behavior. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1996;36:100–107.

Marcus BH Bock BC Pinto BM . Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med. 1998;20:174–180.

Bock BC Marcus BH Pinto BM Forsyth LH . Maintenance of physical activity following an individualized motivationally tailored intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2001;23:79–87.

Chen AH Sallis JF Castro CM . A home-based behavioral intervention to promote walking in sedentary ethnic minority women: project WALK. Womens Health. 1998;4:19–39.

Lee RE Goldberg JH Sallis JF . A prospective analysis of the relationship between walking and mood in sedentary ethnic minority women. Womens Health. 2001;32:1–15.

Higgins JPT Green S , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 (updated May 2005). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2005.

Verhagen AP de Vet HCW de Bie RA . The art of quality assessment of RCTs included in systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:651–654.

Verhagen AP de Vet HCW de Bie RA . The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:1235–1241.

Juni P Witschi A Bloch R Egger M . The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999;282:1054–1060.

Moja LP Telaro E D'Amico R . Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study. BMJ. 2005;330:1053.

Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altaian DG , eds, Analysing and presenting results. In: Higgins JPT Green S , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 (updated May 2005). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2005.

Glasgow RE Vogt TM Boles SM . Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1322–1327.

Flay B Biglan A Boruch R . Standards of evidence: criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prev Sci. 2005;6:151–175.

Marshall AL Leslie ER Bauman AE . Print versus website physical activity programs: a randomized trial. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25:88–94.

Green BB McAfee T Hindmarsh M . Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:177–183.

Blissmer B McAuley E . Testing the requirements of stages of physical activity among adults: the comparative effectiveness of stage-matched, mismatched, standard care, and control interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24:181–189.

McKay HG King D Eakin EG . The diabetes network Internet-based physical activity intervention: a randomized pilot study. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1328–1334.

Mutrie N Carney C Blarney A . “Walk in to Work Out”: a randomised controlled trial of a self help intervention to promote active commuting. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:407–412.

Peterson TR Aldana SG . Improving exercise behavior: an application of the stages of change model in a worksite setting. Am J Health Promot. 1999;13:229–232.

Fries JF Bloch DA Harrington H . Two-year results of a randomized controlled trial of a health promotion program in a retiree population: the Bank of America Study. Am J Med. 1993;94:455–462.

Owen N Lee C Naccarella L Haag K . Exercise by mail: a mediated behavior-change program for aerobic exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1987;9:346–357.

Griffin-Blake CS Dejoy DM . Evaluation of social-cognitive versus stage-matched, self-help physical activity interventions at the workplace. Am J Health Promot. 2006;20:200–209.

Plotnikoff RC McCargar LJ Wilson PM Loucaides CA . Efficacy of an e-mail intervention for the promotion of physical activity and nutrition behavior in the workplace context. Am J Health Promot. 2005;19:422–429.

Kosma M Cardinal BJ McCubbin JA . A pilot study of a Web-based physical activity motivational program for adults with physical disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:1435–1442.

Humpel N Marshall AL Iverson D . Trial of print and telephone delivered interventions to influence walking. Prev Med. 2004;39:635–641.

Levy SS Cardinal BJ . Effects of a self-determination theory-based mail-mediated intervention on adults’ exercise behavior. Am J Health Promot. 2004;18:345–349.

O'Loughlin J Paradis G Meshefedjian G Kishchuk N . Evaluation of an 8-week mailed healthy-weight intervention. Prev Med. 1998;27:288–295.

Blalock SJ Smith Currey S DeVellis RF . Effects of educational materials concerning osteoporosis on women's knowledge, beliefs, and behavior. Am J Health Promot. 2000;14:161–169.

Marcus BH Emmons KM Simkin-Silverman LR . Evaluation of motivationally tailored vs. standard self-help physical activity interventions at the workplace. Am J Health Promot. 1998;12:246–253.

Ainsworth BE Haskell WL Leon AS . Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1993;25:71–80.

Marcus BH Dubbert PM Forsyth LH . Physical activity behavior change: issues in adoption and maintenance. Health Psychol. 2000;19:s32–s41.

Glanz K Shigaki D Farzanfar R . Participant reactions to a computerized telephone system for nutrition and exercise counseling. Patient Educ Couns. 2003;49:157–163.

Castro CM King AC Brassington GS . Telephone versus mail interventions for maintenance of physical activity in older adults. Health Psychol. 2001;20:438–444.

Castro CM King AC . Telephone-assisted counseling for physical activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002;30:64–68.

King AC Friedman R Marcus B . Harnessing motivational forces in the promotion of physical activity: the community health advice by telephone (CHAT) project. Health Educ Res. 2002;17:627–636.

Jarvis KL Friedman RH Heeren T Cullinane PM . Older women and physical activity: using the telephone to walk. Womens Health Issues. 1997;7:24–29.

Pinto BM Friedman RH Marcus B . Effects of a computer-based, telephone counseling system on physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23:113–120.

Lombard DN Lombard TN Winett RA . Walking to meet health guidelines: the effect of prompting frequency and prompt structure. Health Psychol. 1995;14:164–170.

Heesch KC Masse LC Dunn AL . Does adherence to a lifestyle physical activity intervention predict changes in physical activity? J Behav Med. 2003;26:333–348.

Jette AM Harris BA Sleeper L . A home-based exercise program for nondisabled older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:644–649.

Jette AM Lachman ME Giorgetti MM . Exercise—it's never too late: the Strong-for-Life program. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:66–72.

Bull FC Kreuter MW Scharff DP . Effects of tailored, personalized and general health messages on physical activity. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;36:181–192.

Schultz SJ . Education and behavioral strategies related to knowledge of and participation in an exercise program after cardiac positron emission tomography. Patient Educ Couns. 1993;22:47–57.

Gossard D Haskell WL Taylor CB . Effects of low and high intensity home-based exercise training on functional capacity in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:446–449.

Kreuter MW Strecher VJ . Do tailored behavior change messages enhance the effectiveness of health risk appraisal? Results from a randomized trial. Health Educ Res. 1996;11:97–105.

Glasgow RE Boles SM McKay HG . The D-net diabetes self-management program: long-term implementation, outcomes and generalization results. Prev Med. 2003;36:410–419.

Campbell MK Tessaro I DeVellis BM . Effects of a tailored health promotion program for female blue-collar workers: health works for women. Prev Med. 2002;34:313–323.

King DK Estabrooks OTR Estabrooks PA . Outcomes of a multifaceted physical activity regimen as part of a diabetes self-management intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2006;31:128–137.

Baranowski T Anderson C Carmack C . Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions: how are we doing? How might we do better? Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:266–297.

Nigg CR Allegrante JP Ory M . Theory-comparison and multiple-behavior research: common themes advancing health behavior research. Health Educ Res. 2002;17:670–679.