The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in Iran and its association with some predisposing factors.
Methods
All diabetic patients who attended the diabetes clinic underwent ocular examination, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The blood pressure and blood biochemical parameters were then measured.
Results
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 1022 diabetic participants was 23.6% (241 cases). This study showed that there is a statistically significant relation between diabetic retinopathy and mean blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, blood urea nitrogen, and level of HbA1c. There was no difference in lipid profile between patients with and without retinopathy. The duration of diabetes was a predicting factor for retinopathy as well as presence of renal and cardiovascular diseases and fasting glucose >126 as independent variables.
Conclusions
The duration of diabetes was the most important risk factor for progression of retinopathy.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Blindness caused by diabetes-Massachusetts, 1987-1994.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep1996; 45: 937-41.
2.
FongD.S., AielloL., GardnerT.W., American Diabetes Association. Retinopathy in diabetes.Diabetes Care2004; 27(Suppl 1): S84-7.
3.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.N Engl J Med.1993; 329: 977-86.
4.
CaiX.L., WangF., JiL.N.. Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.Chin Med J2006; 119: 822-6.
WildS., RoglicG., GreenA., SicreeR., KingH.. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care2004; 27: 1047-53.
7.
ZhangX., SaaddineJ.B., ChouC.F.Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008.JAMA2010; 304: 649-56.
8.
JavadiM.A., KatibehM., RafatiN.Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study.BMC Ophthalmol2009; 9: 12.
9.
ZhangX., GaoY., ZhouZ., WangJ., ZhouQ., LiQ.. Familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy in Chongqing, China, type 2 diabetic patients.Eur J Ophthalmol2010; 20: 911-8.
10.
SmithT.S., SzetuJ., BourneR.R.. The prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy, associated risk factors and vision loss in patients registered with type 2 diabetes in Luganville, Vanuatu.Br J Ophthalmol2007; 91: 415-9.
11.
KleinR., LeeK.E., KnudtsonM.D., GangnonR.E., KleinB.E.. Changes in visual impairment prevalence by period of diagnosis of diabetes: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.Ophthalmology2009; 116: 1937-42.
12.
NordwallM., BojestigM., ArnqvistH.J., LudvigssonJ., Linköping Diabetes Complications Study. Declining incidence of severe retinopathy and persisting decrease of nephropathy in an unselected population of Type 1 diabetes: the Linköping Diabetes Complications Study.Diabetologia2004; 47: 1266-72.
13.
JanghorbaniM., AminiM., GhanbariH., SafaieeH.. Incidence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Isfahan, Iran.Ophthalmic Epidemiol2003; 10: 81-95.
14.
Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes-2010.Diabetes Care2010; 33(Suppl 1): S4-10.
15.
WangF.H., LiangY.B., ZhangF.Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in rural China: the Handan Eye Study.Ophthalmology2009; 116: 461-7.
16.
LimA., StewartJ., ChuiT.Y.Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in a multi-racial underserved population.Ophthalmic Epidemiol2008; 15: 402-9.
17.
WongT.Y., CheungN., TayW.T.Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.Ophthalmology2008; 115: 1869-75.
18.
AguilarD., HallmanD.M., PillerL.B.Adverse association between diabetic retinopathy and cardiac structure and function.Am Heart J2009; 157: 563-8.
19.
ZhangL., KrzentowskiG., AlbertA., LefebvreP.J.. Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control.Diabetes Care2001; 24: 1275-9.
20.
NordwallM., ArnqvistH.J., BojestigM., LudvigssonJ.. Good glycemic control remains crucial in prevention of late diabetic complications-the Linköping Diabetes Complications Study.Pediatr Diabetes2009; 10: 168-76.
21.
RaymondN.T., VaradhanL., ReynoldD.R., UK Asian Diabetes Study Retinopathy Study Group. Higher prevalence of retinopathy in diabetic patients of South Asian ethnicity compared with white Europeans in the community: a cross-sectional study.Diabetes Care2009; 32: 410-5.
22.
van LeidenH.A., DekkerJ.M., MollA.C.Blood pressure, lipids, and obesity are associated with retinopathy: the Hoorn Study.Diabetes Care2002; 25: 1320-5.
23.
DoucetJ., DruesneL., CapetC.Risk factors and management of diabetes in elderly French patients.Diabetes Metab2008; 34(6 Pt 1): 574-80.
24.
EstevesJ., da RosaC.M., KramerC.K., OsowskiL.E., MilanoS., CananiL.H.. Absence of diabetic retinopathy in a patient who has had diabetes mellitus for 69 years, and inadequate glycemic control: case presentation.Diabetol Metab Syndr2009; 1: 13.
25.
PengX.Y., WangF.H., LiangY.B.Retinopathy in persons without diabetes: the Handan Eye Study.Ophthalmology2010; 117: 531-7.
