Review on the Worldwide Epidemiology of Uveitis

Darrell R.W. , Wagener H.P. , Kurland L.T. Epidemiology of uveitis. Incidence and prevalence in a small urban community. Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68: 502–14.

Nussenblatt R.B. The natural history of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 1990; 14: 303–8.

Rothova A. , Suttorp-van Schulten M.S. , Frits Treffers W. , Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 332–6.

Suttorp-Schulten M.S. , Rothova A. The possible impact of uveitis in blindness: a literature survey. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 844–8.

Bodaghi B. , Cassoux N. , Wechsler B. . Chronic severe uveitis: etiology and visual outcome in 927 patients from a single center. Medicine 2001; 80: 263–70.

Tran V.T. , Auer C. , Guex-Crosier Y. , Pittet N. , Herbort C.P. Epidemiology of uveitis in Switzerland. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1994; 2: 169–76.

Päivönsalo-Hietanen T. , Tuominen J. , Vaahtoranta-Lehtonen H. , Saari K.M. Incidence and prevalence of different uveitis entities in Finland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1997; 75: 76–81.

Dandona L. , Dandona R. , John R.K. , McCarty C.A. , Rao G.N. Population based assessment of uveitis in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 706–9.

Gritz D.C. , Wong I.G. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 491–500.

McCannel C.A. , Holland G.N. , Helm C.J. , Cornell P.J. , Winston J.V. , Rimmer TG ; UCLA Community-Based Uveitis Study Group. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 121: 35–46.

Jabs D.A. , Nussenblatt R.B. , Rosenbaum J.T. ; Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140: 509–16.

Bloch-Michel E. , Nussenblatt R.B. International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 103: 234–5.

Chang J.H. , Wakefield D. Uveitis: a global perspective. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2002; 10: 263–79.

Wakefield D. , Chang J.H. Epidemiology of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2005; 45: 1–13.

Henderly D.E. , Genstler A.J. , Smith R.E. , Rao N.A. Changing patterns of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 103: 131–6.

Rodriguez A. , Calonge M. , Pedroza-Seres M. . Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114: 593–9.

Malinowski S.M. , Pulido J.S. , Folk J.C. Long-term visual outcome and complications associated with pars planitis. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 818–24; discussion 825.

Guest S. , Funkhouser E. , Lightman S. Pars planitis: a comparison of childhood onset and adult onset disease. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2001; 29: 81–4.

Donaldson M.J. , Pulido J.S. , Herman D.C. , Diehl N. , Hodge D. Pars planitis: a 20-year study of incidence, clinical features, and outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 812–7.

Zein G. , Berta A. , Foster C.S. Multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2004; 12: 137–42.

Chester G.H. , Blach R.K. , Cleary P.E. Inflammation in the region of the vitreous base. Pars planitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976; 96: 151–7.

Zierhut M. , Foster C.S. Multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and other diseases in patients with pars planitis. Dev Ophthalmol 1992; 23: 41–7.

Biousse V. , Trichet C. , Bloch-Michel E. , Roullet E. Multiple sclerosis associated with uveitis in two large clinic-based series. Neurology 1999; 52: 179–81.

Edwards L.J. , Constantinescu C.S. A prospective study of conditions associated with multiple sclerosis in a cohort of 658 consecutive outpatients attending a multiple sclerosis clinic. Mult Scler 2004; 10: 575–81.

Smith J.R. , Rosenbaum J.T. Neurological concomitants of uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1498–9.

Bamford C.R. , Ganley J.P. , Sibley W.A. , Laguna J.F. Uveitis, perivenous sheathing and multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1978; 28: 119–24.

Lightman S. , McDonald W.I. , Bird A.C. . Retinal venous sheathing in optic neuritis. Its significance for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Brain 1987; 110: 405–14.

Kerrison J.B. , Flynn T. , Green W.R. Retinal pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis. Retina 1994; 14: 445–51.

Arnold A.C. , Pepose J.S. , Hepler R.S. , Foos R.Y. Retinal periphlebitis and retinitis in multiple sclerosis. I. Pathologic characteristics. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 255–62.

Marrosu M.G. , Murru M.R. , Costa G. . Multiple sclerosis in Sardinia is associated and in linkage disequilibrium with HLADR3 and -DR4 alleles. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61: 454–7.

Olerup O. , Hillert J. HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: a critical evaluation. Tissue Antigens 1991; 38: 1–15.

Couto C. , Merlo J.L. Epidemiological study of patients with uveitis in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In: Dernouchamps J.P. , Verougstraete C. , Caspers-Velu L. ., eds. Recent Advances in Uveitis: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Uveitis, Brussels, Belgium, 1992. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications; 1993; 171–4.

de-la-Torre A. , Rios-Cadavid A.C. , Cardozo-García C.M. , Gomez-Marín J.E. Frequency and factors associated with recurrences of ocular toxoplasmosis in a referral centre in Colombia. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 1001–4.

London N.J. , Rathinam S.R. , Cunningham E.T. Jr . The epidemiology of uveitis in developing countries. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2010; 50: 1–17.

Ronday M.J. , Stilma J.S. , Barbe R.F. , Kijlstra A. , Rothova A. Blindness from uveitis in a hospital population in Sierra Leone. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 690–3.

Chung Y.M. , Yeh T.S. , Liu J.H. Endogenous uveitis in Chinese: an analysis of 240 cases in a uveitis clinic. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1988; 32: 64–9.

Kotake S. , Furudate N. , Sasamoto Y. , Yoshikawa K. , Goda C. , Matsuda H. Characteristics of endogenous uveitis in Hokkaido, Japan. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234: 599–603.

Wakabayashi T. , Morimura Y. , Miyamoto Y. , Okada A.A. Changing patterns of intraocular inflammatory disease in Japan. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2003; 11: 277–86.

Tugal-Tutkun I. Behçet disease in the developing world. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2010; 50: 87–98.

Ronday M.J. , Stilma J.S. , Barbe R.F. . Aetiology of uveitis in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 956–61.

Khairallah M. , Attia S. , Zaouali S. . Pattern of childhood-onset uveitis in a referral center in Tunisia, North Africa. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2006; 14: 225–31.

Hamade I.H. , Elkum N. , Tabbara K.F. Causes of uveitis at a referral center in Saudi Arabia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009; 17: 11–6.

Rathinam S.R. , Krishnadas R. , Ramakrishnan R. ; Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey Research Group. Population-based prevalence of uveitis in Southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 2011; 95: 463–7.

Potter A.R. Causes of blindness and visual handicap in the Central African Republic. Br J Ophthalmol 1991; 75: 326–8.

Smit R.L. , Baarsma G.S. , de Vries J. Classification of 750 consecutive uveitis patients in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital. Int Ophthalmol 1993; 17: 71–6.

Merrill P.T. , Kim J. , Cox T.A. , Betor C.C. , McCallum R.M. , Jaffe G.J. Uveitis in the southeastern United States. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16: 865–74.

Saari K.M. , Päivönsalo-Hietanen T. , Vaahtoranta-Lehtonen H. , Tuominen J. , Sillanpää M. Epidemiology of endogenous uveitis in south-western Finland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995; 73: 345–9.

Cunningham E.T. Jr . Uveitis in children. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2000; 8: 251–61.

Päivönsalo-Hietanen T. , Tuominen J. , Saari K.M. Uveitis in children: population-based study in Finland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000; 78: 84–8.

de Boer J. , Wulffraat N. , Rothova A. Visual loss in uveitis of childhood. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 879–84.

BenEzra D. , Cohen E. , Maftzir G. Uveitis in children and adolescents. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 444–8.

Smith J.A. , Mackensen F. , Sen H.N. . Epidemiology and course of disease in childhood uveitis. Ophthalmology 2009; 116: 1544–51.

Edelsten C. , Reddy M.A. , Stanford M.R. , Graham E.M. Visual loss associated with pediatric uveitis in English primary and referral centers. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 135: 676–80.

Kadayifçilar S. , Eldem B. , Tumer B. Uveitis in childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003; 40: 335–40.

Kump L.I. , Cervantes-Castañeda R.A. , Androudi S.N. , Foster C.S. Analysis of pediatric uveitis cases at a tertiary referral center. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1287–92.

Kimura S.J. , Hogan M.J. , Thygeson P. Uveitis in children. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1954; 51: 80–8.

Cross A.G. Uveitis in childhood. Proc R Soc Med 1954; 47: 971–4.

Soylu M. , Ozdemir G. , Anli A. Pediatric uveitis in southern Turkey. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1997; 5: 197–202.

Rosenberg K.D. , Feuer W.J. , Davis J.L. Ocular complications of pediatric uveitis. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 2299–306.

Chatzistefanou K. , Markomichelakis N.N. , Christen W. , Soheilian M. , Foster C.S. Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 347–52.

Perkins E.S. , Folk J. Uveitis in London and Iowa. Ophthalmologica 1984; 189: 36–40.

Oruc S. , Kaplan A.D. , Galen M. , Kaplan H.J. Uveitis referral pattern in a Midwest University Eye Center. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2003; 11: 287–98.

Kötter I. , Vonthein R. , Günaydin I. . Behçet's disease in patients of German and Turkish origin: a comparative study. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 528: 53–8.

Freedman J. Incidence of uveitis in Bantu-speaking negroes of South Africa. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 595–9.

Rothova A. , Buitenhuis H.J. , Meenken C. . Uveitis and systemic disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1992; 76: 137–41.

Tran V.T. , Auer C. , Guex-Crosier Y. , Pittet N. , Herbort C.P. Epidemiological characteristics of uveitis in Switzerland. Int Ophthalmol 1994–1995; 18: 293–8.

Pivetti-Pezzi P. , Accorinti M. , La Cava M. , Colabelli Gisoldi R.A. , Abdulaziz M.A. Endogenous uveitis: an analysis of 1, 417 cases. Ophthalmologica 1996; 210: 234–8.

Biswas J. , Narain S. , Das D. , Ganesh S.K. Pattern of uveitis in a referral uveitis clinic in India. Int Ophthalmol 1996–1997; 20: 223–8.

Mercanti A. , Parolini B. , Bonora A. , Lequaglie Q. , Tomazzoli L. Epidemiology of endogenous uveitis in north-eastern Italy. Analysis of 655 new cases. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79: 64–8.

Yang P. , Zhang Z. , Zhou H. . Clinical patterns and characteristics of uveitis in a tertiary center for uveitis in China. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30: 943–8.

Khairallah M. , Yahia S.B. , Ladjimi A. . Pattern of uveitis in a referral centre in Tunisia, North Africa. Eye 2007; 21: 33–9.

Rathinam S.R. , Namperumalsamy P. Global variation and pattern changes in epidemiology of uveitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007; 55: 173–83.

Kazokoglu H. , Onal S. , Tugal-Tutkun I. . Demographic and clinical features of uveitis in tertiary centers in Turkey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008; 15: 285–93.

Jakob E. , Reuland M.S. , Mackensen F. . Uveitis subtypes in a German interdisciplinary uveitis center: analysis of 1916 patients. J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 127–36.

de-la-Torre A. , López-Castillo C.A. , Rueda J.C. , Mantilla R.D. , Gómez-Marín J.E. , Anaya J.M. Clinical patterns of uveitis in two ophthalmology centres in Bogota, Colombia. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2009; 37: 458–66.

Das D. , Bhattacharjee H. , Bhattacharyya P.K. . Pattern of uveitis in North East India: a tertiary eye care center study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009; 57: 144–6.

Wakefield D. , Dunlop I. , McCluskey P.J. , Penny R. Uveitis: aetiology and disease associations in an Australian population. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1986; 14: 181–7.

Chung H. , Choi D.G. Clinical analysis of uveitis. Korean J Ophthalmol 1989; 3: 33–7.

Palmares J. , Coutinho M.F. , Castro-Correia J. Uveitis in northern Portugal. Curr Eye Res 1990; 9(Suppl): 31–4.

Kanski J.J. , Shun-Shin G.A. Systemic uveitis syndromes in childhood: an analysis of 340 cases. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 1247–52.

Pivetti-Pezzi P. Uveitis in children. Eur J Ophthalmol 1996; 6: 293–8.

Benezra D. , Cohen E. , Maftzir G. Patterns of intraocular inflammation in children. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2001; 279: 35–8.