Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) are indicated for vascular access for long-term hemodialysis in patients in whom creation or maintenance of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has failed or is contraindicated. AVGs have an inferior long-term patency as compared to AVFs. To ameliorate patency rates of prosthetic AVGs, different strategies have emerged to improve graft materials. This review aims to describe current strategies and future perspectives on graft modification, by graft geometry, drug coatings and graft surface technology, to improve AVG patency.
CoburnMCCarneyWIJrComparison of basilic vein and polytetrafluoroethylene for brachial arteriovenous fistula.J Vasc Surg1994;20(6):896–902discussion 903-904.
2.
EnzlerMARajmonTLachatMLargiadèrFLong-term function of vascular access for hemodialysis.Clin Transplant1996;10(6 Pt 1):511–515
3.
GibsonKDCapsMTKohlerTRet al.Assessment of a policy to reduce placement of prosthetic hemodialysis access.Kidney Int2001;59(6):2335–2345
4.
MosqueraDRegarding “Vascular access survival and incidence of revisions: a comparison of prosthetic grafts, simple autogenous fistulas, and venous transposition fistulas from the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study”.J Vasc Surg2003;37(1):238–239
5.
HeiseMSchmidtSKrügerUet al.Local haemodynamics and shear stress in cuffed and straight PTFE-venous anastomoses: an in-vitro comparison using particle image velocimetry.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2003;26(4):367–373
6.
HeiseMHusmannIGrünebergAKKnobelAKirschnerPHeidenhainCComparison of straight and Venaflo-type cuffed arteriovenous ePTFE grafts in an animal study.J Vasc Surg2011;53(6):1661–1667
7.
BérardXBasteJCSassoustGet al.[Retrospective study of the one-year patency of a cuffed polytetrafluoroethylene Venaflo-type graft placed for venous hemodialysis access].J Mal Vasc2003;28(2):73–78
8.
KoPJLiuYHHungYNHsiehHCPatency rates of cuffed and noncuffed extended polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in dialysis access: a prospective, randomized study.World J Surg2009;33(4):846–851
9.
LemsonMSTordoirJHvan DetRJet al.Effects of a venous cuff at the venous anastomosis of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis vascular access.J Vasc Surg2000;32(6):1155–1163
10.
TsoulfasGHertlMKoDSet al.Long-term outcome of a cuffed expanded PTFE graft for hemodialysis vascular access.World J Surg2008;32(8):1827–1831
11.
SoromAJHughesCBMcCarthyJTet al.Prospective, randomized evaluation of a cuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for hemodialysis vascular access.Surgery2002;132(2): 135–140
12.
LiuYHHungYNHsiehHCKoPJImpact of cuffed, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene dialysis grafts on graft outlet stenosis.World J Surg2006;30(12):2290–2294
13.
HeiseMKirschnerPRabschAZanowJSettmacherUHeidenhainCIn vitro testing of a newly developed arteriovenous double-outflow graft.J Vasc Surg2010;52(2):421–428
14.
KruegerUHuhleAKrysKScholzHEffect of tapered grafts on hemodynamics and flow rate in dialysis access grafts.Artif Organs2004;28(7):623–628
15.
SarmastMNiroomand-OscuiiHGhalichiFSamieiEEvaluation of the hemodynamics in straight 6-mm and tapered 6- to 8-mm grafts as upper arm hemodialysis vascular access.Med Biol Eng Comput2014;52(9):797–811
16.
Van TrichtIDe WachterDTordoirJVerdonckPComparison of the hemodynamics in 6mm and 4-7 mm hemodialysis grafts by means of CFD.J Biomech2006;39(2):226–236
17.
DammersRPlankenRNPoulsKPet al.Evaluation of 4-mm to 7-mm versus 6-mm prosthetic brachial-antecubital forearm loop access for hemodialysis: results of a randomized multicenter clinical trial.J Vasc Surg2003;37(1):143–148
18.
PoloJRLigeroJMDiaz-CartelleJGarcia-PajaresRCerveraTReparazLRandomized comparison of 6-mm straight grafts versus 6- to 8-mm tapered grafts for brachial-axillary dialysis access.J Vasc Surg2004;40(2):319–324
19.
HuijbregtsHJBlankestijnPJCaroCGet al.A helical PTFE arteriovenous access graft to swirl flow across the distal anastomosis: results of a preliminary clinical study.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2007;33(4):472–475
20.
Van CanneytKMorbiducciUElootSDe SantisGSegersPVerdonckPA computational exploration of helical arterio-venous graft designs.J Biomech2013;46(2):345–353
21.
CaroCGCheshireNJWatkinsNPreliminary comparative study of small amplitude helical and conventional ePTFE arteriovenous shunts in pigs.J R Soc Interface2005;2(3):261–266
22.
KokkalisECooksonANStonebridgePACornerGAHoustonJGHoskinsPRComparison of vortical structures induced by arteriovenous grafts using vector Doppler ultrasound.Ultrasound Med Biol2015;41(3):760–774
23.
ShuMCHwangNHFlow phenomena in compliant and noncompliant arteriovenous grafts.ASAIO Trans1988;34(3):519–523
24.
WangLCGuoGXTuRHwangNHGraft compliance and anastomotic flow patterns.ASAIO Trans1990;36(2):90–94
25.
GessaroliMBombardiCGiuntiMBacciMLPrevention of neointimal hyperplasia associated with modified stretch expanded polytetrafluoroethylene hemodialysis grafts (Gore) in an experimental preclinical study in swine.J Vasc Surg2012;55(1): 192–202
Charlton-OuwKMNosratiNMillerCCIIICooganSMSafiHJAzizzadehAOutcomes of arteriovenous fistulae compared with heparin-bonded and conventional grafts for hemodialysis access.J Vasc Access2012;13(2):163–167
28.
LindholtJSGottschalksenBJohannesenNet al.The Scandinavian Propaten(®) trial - 1-year patency of PTFE vascular prostheses with heparin-bonded luminal surfaces compared to ordinary pure PTFE vascular prostheses - a randomised clinical controlled multi-centre trial.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2011;41(5):668–673
29.
ShemeshDGoldinIHijaziJet al.A prospective randomized study of heparin-bonded graft (Propaten) versus standard graft in prosthetic arteriovenous access.J Vasc Surg2015;62(1):115–122
30.
ThermannFWollertUUkkatJDralleHProximalization of the arterial inflow (PAI) in patients with dialysis access-induced ischemic syndrome: first report on long-term clinical results.J Vasc Access2010;11(2):143–149
31.
ZeaNMenardGLeLet al.Heparin-Bonded Polytetrafluorethylene Does Not Improve Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Graft Function.Ann Vasc Surg2015
32.
BegovacPCThomsonRCFisherJLHughsonAGällhagenAImprovements in GORE-TEX vascular graft performance by Carmeda BioActive surface heparin immobilization.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2003;25(5):432–437
33.
HongMKKornowskiRBramwellORaghebAOLeonMBPaclitaxel-coated Gianturco-Roubin II (GR II) stents reduce neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary in-stent restenosis model.Coron Artery Dis2001;12(6):513–515
34.
StoneGWEllisSGCoxDAet al;TAXUS-IV Investigators. One-year clinical results with the slow-release, polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stent: the TAXUS-IV trial.Circulation2004; 109(16):1942–1947
35.
LeeBHNamHYKwonTet al.Paclitaxel-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene haemodialysis grafts inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in porcine model of graft stenosis.Nephrol Dial Transplant2006;21(9):2432–2438
36.
BaekIBaiCZHwangJNamHYParkJSKimDJPaclitaxel coating of the luminal surface of hemodialysis grafts with effective suppression of neointimal hyperplasia.J Vasc Surg2012;55(3):806–814e1
37.
BaekIHwangJParkJKimHParkJSKimDJPaclitaxel coating on the terminal portion of hemodialysis grafts effectively suppresses neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine model.J Vasc Surg2015;61(6):1575–82e1
38.
MasakiTRathiRZentnerGet al.Inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in vascular grafts by sustained perivascular delivery of paclitaxel.Kidney Int2004;66(5):2061–2069
39.
KellyBMelhemMZhangJet al.Perivascular paclitaxel wraps block arteriovenous graft stenosis in a pig model.Nephrol Dial Transplant2006;21(9):2425–2431
40.
LimHJNamHYLeeBHKimDJKoJYParkJSA novel technique for loading of paclitaxel-PLGA nanoparticles onto ePTFE vascular grafts.Biotechnol Prog2007;23(3):693–697
41.
BaekIBaiCZHwangJParkJParkJSKimDJSuppression of neointimal hyperplasia by sirolimus-eluting expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) haemodialysis grafts in comparison with paclitaxel-coated grafts.Nephrol Dial Transplant2012;27(5):1997–2004
42.
TerryCMLiLLiHet al.In vivo evaluation of the delivery and efficacy of a sirolimus-laden polymer gel for inhibition of hyperplasia in a porcine model of arteriovenous hemodialysis graft stenosis.J Control Release2012;160(3):459–467
43.
PaulsonWDKipshidzeNKipianiKet al.Safety and efficacy of local periadventitial delivery of sirolimus for improving hemodialysis graft patency: first human experience with a sirolimus-eluting collagen membrane (Coll-R).Nephrol Dial Transplant2012;27(3):1219–1224
44.
ChenCOfenlochJCYianniYPHansonSRLumsdenABPhosphorylcholine coating of ePTFE reduces platelet deposition and neointimal hyperplasia in arteriovenous grafts.J Surg Res1998;77(2):119–125
45.
LiuYInoueYMaharaAKakinokiSYamaokaTIshiharaKDurable modification of segmented polyurethane for elastic blood-contacting devices by graft-type 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine copolymer.J Biomater Sci Polym Ed2014; 25(14-15):1514–1529
46.
DwivediAJRoy-ChaudhuryPPedenEKet al.Application of human type I pancreatic elastase (PRT-201) to the venous anastomosis of arteriovenous grafts in patients with chronic kidney disease.J Vasc Access2014;15(5):376–384
47.
RanjanAKKumarUHardikarAAPoddarPNairPDHardikarAAHuman blood vessel-derived endothelial progenitors for endothelialization of small diameter vascular prosthesis.PLoS ONE2009;4(11):e7718
48.
ZillaPBezuidenhoutDHumanPProsthetic vascular grafts: wrong models, wrong questions and no healing.Biomaterials2007;28(34):5009–5027
49.
ChongDSTurnerL-AGadegaardNSeifalianAMDalbyMJHamiltonGNanotopography and plasma treatment: redesigning the surface for vascular graft endothelialisation.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2015;49(3):335–343
50.
ChongDSLindseyBDalbyMJGadegaardNSeifalianAMHamiltonGLuminal surface engineering, ‘micro and nanopatterning’: potential for self endothelialising vascular grafts?Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2014;47(5):566–576
51.
FerraressoMBertoliSNobiliPBortolaniEMEarly experience with a newly developed electrospun polycarbonate-urethane vascular graft for hemodialysis access.J Vasc Access2013;14(3):252–256
52.
WijeyaratneSMKannangaraLSafety and efficacy of electrospun polycarbonate-urethane vascular graft for early hemodialysis access: first clinical results in man.J Vasc Access2011; 12(1):28–35
