This article estimates the contribution of different types of gender segregation to the wage difference between men and women in the hospitality industry. Matched employer–employee data from a sample of hotels and restaurants in Andalusia are used to this end. The data source includes information on 181 hotels and 121 restaurants. Impacts on the wage gap are obtained for two empirical specifications. In the first, equal returns of observable variables are assumed for men and women and, in the second, returns are assumed to be different for each gender. The authors find that industrial and vertical segregation – and to a lesser extent establishment segregation – increase the wage differential. However, horizontal and category segregation help to diminish this, although the impact of the latter is not very substantial. Regarding occupational segregation, women predominate in worst-paid jobs, but their wages drop less than men's earnings. These estimations are robust to both empirical specifications.
BañulsA.L.RodríguezA.B.R. (2005), ‘Returns on education in the Spanish tourism labour market’, Tourism Economics, Vol 11, pp 119–132.
2.
BayardK.HellersteinJ.NeumarkD.TroskeK. (2003), ‘New evidence on sex segregation and sex differences in wages from matched employee–employer data’, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol 21, No 4, pp 887–922.
3.
BeckerG. (1971), The Economies of Discrimination, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
4.
BiswasR.CassellC. (1996), ‘Strategic HRM and the gendered division of labour in the hotel industry’, Personnel Review, Vol 25, No 2, pp 19–34.
5.
BurgessC. (2003), ‘Gender and salaries in hotel financial management: It's still a man's world’, Women in Management Review, Vol 18, No 1/2, pp 50–59.
6.
BurrellJ.ManfrediS.RollinH.PriceL.SteadL. (1997), ‘Equal opportunities for women employees in the hospitality industry: A comparison between France, Italy, Spain and the UK’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol 16, No 2, pp 161–179.
7.
ChurchA.FrostM. (2004), ‘Tourism, the global city and the labour market in London’, Tourism Geographics, Vol 6, pp 208–228.
8.
CottonJ. (1988), ‘On the decomposition of wage differentials’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 70, pp 236–243.
9.
CromptonR.SandersonK. (1990), Gendered Jobs and Social Change, Unwin Hyman, London.
10.
De la RicaS. (2007), ‘Segregación ocupacional y diferencias salariales por género en España: 1995–2002’, Working Paper, November, FEDEA, Madrid.
11.
De la RicaS.UgidosA. (1995), ‘¿Son las diferencias en capital humano determinantes en las diferencias salariales observadas entre hombres y mujeres?’, Investigaciones Económicas, Vol 19, pp 395–414.
12.
DelfimL.D.VarejaoJ. (2007), ‘Employment, pay and discrimination in the tourism industry’, Tourism Economics, Vol 13, No 2, pp 225–240.
13.
DohertyL.ManfrediS. (2001), ‘Women's employment in Italian and UK hotels’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol 20, pp 61–76.
14.
DohertyL.SteadL. (1998), ‘The gap between male and female pay: What does the case of hotel and catering tell us?’, The Service Industries Journal, Vol 18, No 4, pp 126–144.
15.
GuptaN.D.RothsteinD. (2005), ‘The impact of worker and establishment-level characteristics on male–female wage differentials: Evidence from Danish matched employer–employee data’, Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Vol 19, No 1, pp 1–34.
16.
HakimC. (1992), ‘Explaining trends in occupational segregation: The measurement, causes, and consequences of the sexual division of labour’, European Sociological Review, Vol 8, No 2, pp 127–152.
17.
HeckmanJ. (1979), ‘Sample selection bias as a specification error’, Econometrica, Vol 47, pp 153–161.
18.
HennessyS. (1994), ‘Female employment in tourism development in South-west England’, in KinnardV.HallD., eds, Tourism: Gender Analysis, Wiley, Chichester.
19.
HernándezP.J. (1995), ‘Análisis empírico de la discriminación salarial de la mujer en España’, Investigaciones Económicas, Vol 19, pp 195–215.
20.
HernándezP.J. (1996), ‘Segregación ocupacional de la mujer y discriminación salarial’, Revista de Economía Aplicada, Vol 11, No 4, pp 57–80.
21.
JordanF. (1997), ‘An occupational hazard? Sex segregation in tourism employment’, Tourism Management, Vol 18, No 8, pp 525–534.
22.
KattaraH. (2005), ‘Career challenges for female managers in Egyptian hotels’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol 17, No 3, pp 238–251.
23.
LeeC.KangS. (1998), ‘Measuring earnings inequality and median earnings in the tourism industry’, Tourism Management, Vol 19, No 4, pp 341–348.
24.
LilloA.RamónA.B. (2005), ‘Returns on education in the Spanish tourism labour market’, Tourism Economics, Vol 11, No 1, pp 119–132.
25.
MarchanteA.J.OrtegaB.PagánR. (2005), ‘Educational mismatch and wages in the hospitality sector’, Tourism Economics, Vol 11, No 1, pp 103–117.
26.
MarhuendaF.Strietska-IlinaO.ZukersteinovaA. (2005), ‘Factors shaping occupational identities in the tourism sector: Research in Spain, the Czech Republic and Greece’, in Strietska-IlinaO.TessaringM., eds, Trends and Skills Needs in Tourism, EurOp, 2005, VI (Cedefop Panorama series; 115), Luxembourg, pp 21–30.
27.
NebelE.C.IIILeeJ.VidakopicB. (1995), ‘Hotel general manager career paths in the United States’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol 14, No 3/4, pp 245–260.
28.
NeumarkD. (1988), ‘Employer's discriminatory behaviour and the estimation of wage discrimination’, Journal of Human Resources, Vol 23, pp 279–295.
29.
NgC.W.PineR. (2003), ‘Women and men in hotel management in Hong Kong: Perceptions of gender and career development issues’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol 22, pp 85–102.
30.
OaxacaR. (1973), ‘Male–female wage differentials in urban labor markets’, International Economic Review, Vol 14, No 3, pp 693–709.
31.
OaxacaR.L.RansomM.R. (1994), ‘On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials’, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 61, pp 5–21.
32.
PetersenT.MorganL. (1995), ‘Separate and unequal: Occupation–establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol 101, pp 329–365.
33.
PolachekS. (2006), ‘How the life-cycle human capital model explains why the gender wage gap narrowed’, in BlauF.D.BrintonM.C.GruskyD.B., eds, The Declining Significance of Gender, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
34.
PurcellK. (1996), ‘The relationship between career and job opportunities: Women's employment in the hospitality industry as a microcosm of women's employment’, Women in Management Review, Vol 11, No 5, pp 17–24.
35.
PurcellK. (1997), ‘Women's employment in UK tourism. Gender roles and labour markets’, in SinclairT., ed, Gender Work and Tourism, Routledge, London.
36.
ReimersC. (1983), ‘Labor market discrimination against Hispanic and black men’, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 65, pp 570–579.
37.
RichterL.K. (1995), ‘Gender and race: Neglected variables in tourism research’, in BufferR.PearceD., eds, Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes, Routledge, London.
38.
RileyM.SzivasE. (2003), ‘Pay determination. A socieconomic framework’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 30, pp 446–464.
39.
ShahrabaniS. (2007), ‘Sources of gender wage gap in different economic sectors: The Israeli case’, Applied Economic Letters, Vol 14, pp 1019–1022.
40.
SkalpeO. (2007), ‘The CEO gender pay gap in tourism industry – evidence from Norway’, Tourism Management, Vol 28, pp 845–853.
41.
SparroweR.T.IversonK.M. (1999), ‘Cracks in the glass ceiling? An empirical study of gender differences in income in the hospitality industry’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol 23, No 1, pp 4–20.
42.
ThraneC. (2008), ‘Earnings differentiation in the tourism industry: Gender, human capital and socio-demographic effects’, Tourism Management, Vol 29, No 3, pp 514–524.
43.
WhiteH. (1980), ‘A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity’, Econometrica, Vol 48, pp 817–830.
44.
WoodsR.H.KavanaughR.R. (1994), ‘Gender discrimination and sexual harassment as experienced by hospitality-industry managers’, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 35, No 1, pp 16–21.
