Research on Centroid Position for Stairs Climbing Stability of Search and Rescue Robot

Abstract

This paper represents the relationship between the stability of stairs climbing and the centroid position of the search and rescue robot. The robot system is considered as a mass point- plane model and the kinematics features are analyzed to find the relationship between centroid position and the maximal pitch angle of stairs the robot could climb up. A computable function about this relationship is given in this paper. During the stairs climbing, there is a maximal stability-keeping angle depends on the centroid position and the pitch angle of stairs, and the numerical formula is developed about the relationship between the maximal stability-keeping angle and the centroid position and pitch angle of stairs. The experiment demonstrates the trustworthy and correction of the method in the paper.

Keywords

centroid stairs climbing stability search and rescue robot

1. Introduction

Search and rescue robot is a special type robot which is used in the search and rescue works after the nature or man-made disasters, such as an earthquake, hurricane, debris and mine collapse. Many researchers have paid more attention on the search and rescue robots. Most work is about the architecture of the robotic system and some types of autonomous methods. The design method and architecture of a search and rescue robot are given in recent years (Ko, A., Lau, H., 2009). Some researchers focus on the automation navigation in the field environment (Guo, Y., Song, A., Bao, J., Tang H., Cui, J., 2009). Identified from the other common mobile robot, the search and rescue robot always works under the unstructured environment that means the complex and changeable work situations, so the excellent traveling ability is requested and domain its applications. In all hard work situations which are research hot points and difficult points, the stairs climbing is one of them. Relate works always focus on how to climb the stairs and the stability of the climbing process and the stability of the robot during the climbing basically determines the performance of the search and rescue robot. Some groups work for design a novel structure of the robot to achieve the stairs climbing (Woo, C. K., Choi, H. D., Yoon, S., Kim, S. H., Yoon, K. K., 2007), but the complex mechanisms will lead to the reduction of reliability. Some groups are working to find the methods that autonomously climbing the stairs for the robot (Pinhas, B. T., Ito, S., Goldenberg, A., 2009) (Kim, B. S., Vu, Q. S., Song, J. B., Yim, C. H., 2010). However, the autonomous methods have too much limitation of the environment constrains, and it is weak about their generalization ability in the real application. Some groups analyze the stairs climbing ability based on the geometry and kinetic features of the robot (Liu, J., Wang, Y., Ma, S., Li, B., 2005) (Liu, Y., Liu, G., 2009). Hence, some outside geometry and kinetic features are not the only constrains that influence the stairs climbing ability, in most situations, the position of centroid play much more decisive role in the performance rather than the others. The group of Kim analyzed the walking balance of a leg robot based on centroid (Kim, B. H., 2009). Because of the importance of centroid position, the groups of Zhu and Wang research on the centroid adjustment methods to increase the traveling ability (Zhu, X. L., Wang, H. G., Fang, L. J., Zhao, M. Y., Wang, L.D., 2006) (Wang, W., Kong, M., Du, Z., Sun, L., 2009), but the result of their research also does not give the relationship between stairs climbing ability and centroid position.

In this paper, we take the track mobile robot with front flipper for example, just because this type of robot has the simple mechanical structure and it is well and widely used in the design and implement of search and rescue robot. The robot is abstracted as a mass point-plane model. The process of climbing one stair is analyzed to build up the mathematic description for the maximal height the robot could climb over based on the centroid position of the robot. And we give a precise and computable solution of this problem. It could be a basis for centroid adjustment to increase the climbing height. When the robot is running along the nose line of the stairs after climbing the first stair, the stability problem is how much of the angle the forward direction of the robot deviating from the nose line will make the robot overturn back from the side of the robot body. The computable value of this angle influenced by the centroid position is discussed. All the works of this paper are to quantitatively present the centroid position how to influence the stairs climbing ability and stability.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In section 2, we introduce the search and rescue robot and the robot model is abstracted. In section 3, we calculate the relationship between the height that the robot could overcome and the centroid position. In section 4, the stability during the stairs climbing is analyzed, based on the centroid projection method. Section 5 presents our experiment results, and section 6 concludes the paper and suggests future works.

2. Robot Model

The track mobile robot with front flipper is the widely used structure for the search and rescue robot for its good traveling ability and reliability. In this paper, we take this type robot, shown in Fig.1, for example, which is designed by ourselves (Guo, Y., Bao, J., Song, A., 2009).

Fig. 1.

The picture of one type search and rescue robot

This robot has a basic vehicle body and different kind equipment located on it. The vehicle body and the equipment have independence coordinated systems such as vehicle body coordinated system OXYZ and equipment coordinated systems OiXiYiZi which are shown in Fig.2. So the centroid position is actually related to individual coordinated system. The vehicle body coordinated system is selected as the main coordinated system which all the centroid positions in equipment coordinated systems should transform to. The centroid position of the whole robot system should be built up in this main coordinated system.

C = \frac{M c^{'} + \sum_{i = 1}^{n} m_{i} (c_{i} + A_{i})}{M + \sum_{i = 1}^{n} m_{i}}

(1)

Fig. 2.

The structure of robot system

In equation (1), M is the mass of the vehicle body, c is the centroid position of the vehicle. m_i is the mass of ith equipment device, c_i is the centroid position in ith equipment coordinated system and A_i is the offset vector between main and ith coordinated system. The result C is the centroid position of the whole system in the main coordinated system.

The robot system is abstracted as a mass point – plane model with the mass point P_Centroid that has all the mass of the system and the vehicle body plane with no mass but all of the geometric constraints. Shown in Fig.3, C = P_Centroid(d,l,h) and all the arguments will be under this model.

Fig.3.

The mass point-plane model

3. Climbing Height with Centroid Position

In general opinion, the height of the stair that the robot could overcome is decided by the power of the robot, in another word, it means that much more power of the system could drive the robot to cover the higher stair. It is right, but not all the time, because the centroid position also plays much more important role to decide the maximal height of covering stair.

When the robot is climbing one stair, shown in Fig.4, the distance between the mass point and the plane is h, and the distance between the mass point and the tail of robot is l. Selecting any point S with distance l_x, D is the distance between the touch point N and the projection of point S on the stair plane, and D is related to θ and l_x.

D (φ, l_{x}) = {\begin{cases} (\frac{H}{\sin φ} - l_{x}) \cos φ & l_{x} < \frac{H}{\sin φ} \\ (l_{z} - \frac{H}{\sin φ}) \cos φ & l_{x} > \frac{H}{\sin φ} \end{cases}

(2)

Fig. 4.

The picture of climbing one stair

During the mass point-plane mode moving to climb the stair, the touch point N moves to O along the plane, and the angle θ increases. Based on curves shown in the Fig.4, when l_x < H/sinφ, D(φ, l_x) has the maximum, and when l_x > H/sinφ, D(φ, l_x) has the minimum. When

\frac{\partial D (φ, l_{x})}{\partial φ} = | \frac{H}{\sin^{2} φ} - l_{x} \sin φ | = 0

(3)

D(φ, l_x) is extremum. So

\frac{H}{l_{x}} = \sin^{3} φ, D (φ, l_{x}) is extremum

(4)

The critical angle φ'(l_x), which is between the plane of mode and the ground when D(φ, l_x) is extremum, is

φ^{'} = \arcsin (\sqrt[3]{\frac{H}{l_{x}}})

(5)

The mass point P_Centroid(d, l, h) has the same kinetic feature with its projection P', the critical angle φ'_c is

φ_{c}^{'} = \arcsin (\sqrt[3]{\frac{H}{l}})

(6)

At this time, the trend of moving to the right is zero for the mass point P_Centroid (d, l, h). It also could be understood as that the projection of the mass point P_Centroid (d, l, h) on the water plane would never move to the right but move to the left with the angle φ going on increasing. At this time, the gravity line of the mass point must have moved over the touch point N or the gravity line travels across the touch point N (w = 0), otherwise, the mass point - plane mode will overturn back and fail to climb the stair. So at the critical condition,

l - h \tan φ_{c}^{'} = \frac{H_{\max} (l, h)}{\sin φ_{c}^{'}}

(7)

From the equation (6), we know that

\tan φ_{c}^{'} = \frac{\sqrt[3]{H_{\max} (l, h)}}{\sqrt{l^{2 / 3} - H^{2 / 3}}}

(8)

Considering the equation (7) and (8),

\frac{h \sqrt[3]{H_{\max} (l, h)}}{\sqrt{l^{2 / 3} - H_{\max}^{1 / 3} (l, d)}} + \sqrt[3]{H_{\max}^{2} (l, d) l} - l = 0

(9)

l^{2 / 9} H_{\max}^{2 / 3} (l, h) + h^{2 / 3} H_{\max}^{2 / 9} (l, h) - l^{8 / 9} = 0

(10)

The equation (10) is the important result of the relationship between the maximal height the robot could climb over and the centroid position. If the centroid position is given before the robot working we could calculate that what height the stair or obstacle with could be climbed over. And before the robot starting to climb a stair, the height should be measured and recognized to contrast with the maximal height. If the maximal height is larger than that measured, it could safely work, otherwise, the robot must terminate the process. It is very meaningful for the safe and successful working of the search and rescue robot. On the other side, when we understand the maximal height the robot could deal with, we must adjust the centroid position based on the result in equation (10) in advance.

The figure, shown in Fig.5, gives a visual description for the equation (10). We could find that the influence of l is nearly linear with the fixed h, but the tiny increase of h will lead to the steep decrease of maximal height. So for the height the robot could climb, h is much more sensitive than l, and the best way of enhancing the performance of climbing height is decreasing the h rather than increasing the l.

Fig. 5.

The climbing height based on centroid position

4. Stability during Stair Climbing

From the above mentioned discussion, the problem of turnover back around the button side of the robot through finding the maximal height robot could cover to avoid climbing the stair higher than that one. When the robot has caught the first stair and goes on running along the nose line of stairs, the problem of the robot is protecting the robot turnover back around one side of its body because of the flip between each track and the stairs.

The gravity line projection method is used as the judgment of the stability and the method is to analyze whether the projection of the mass point P_Centroid is in the projection region of the vehicle body plane on the water level plane. When the projection of P_Centroid is in the projection region of the vehicle body plane, the robot is with the stability. The position of projection of P_Centroid in the projection region of the vehicle body plane is moving with the change of the φ between nose line plane and water level plane and the θ that between the direction and the nose line. So the problem is transferred to how much of the angle θ the forward direction of the robot deviating from the nose line will make the robot turnover back from the side of the robot body under the fixed angle φ.

Shown in Fig.6, l_G is the projection of the distance from the mass point to the nose line plane A, and point O is the projection of P_Centroid on plane A, and

l_{G} = h \tan φ

(11)

Fig. 6.

The projection of centroid on plane A

The distance between projection of P_Centroid and the near side line of the vehicle body plane on the water level plane is adopted to describe the stability level of the system. If the distance equal to zero, that means the critical stability. Shown in Fig.7, OP is the distance between point O and near side of the vehicle body plane,

O P = \frac{D}{2} - h \tan φ \sin θ + d

(12)

Fig. 7.

The parameters on plane A

The right angle between OP and the side could be divided into two angles θ₁ = θ and $θ_{2} = \frac{π}{2} - θ$ . Shown in Fig.8, all the contents in plane A are projected to water level plane G. So in plane G, shown in Fig.9, angles θ'₁ and θ'₂ are the projections of angel θ₁ and θ₂. According to the solid geometry angle equation,

\cos (\frac{π}{2} - θ_{i}^{'}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \tan^{2} (\frac{π}{2} - θ_{i}) \cos^{2} φ}} i = 1, 2

(13)

θ_{1}^{'} = \frac{π}{2} - \arccos (\frac{\tan θ}{\sqrt{\tan^{2} θ + \cos^{2} φ}})

(14)

θ_{2}^{'} = \frac{π}{2} - \arccos (\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \tan^{2} θ \cos^{2} φ}})

(15)

Fig. 8.

The projection from plane A to plane G

Fig. 9.

The parameters on plane G

And O'P' is the projection of OP and it equals to

O^{'} P^{'} = O P \sqrt{1 - \sin^{2} θ^{2} φ}

(16)

So the distance between the projection of P_Centroid and the near side line of the vehicle body plane on the water level plane is M, and

M (h, d, θ, φ) = O^{'} P^{'} \sin (θ_{1}^{'} + θ_{2}^{'})

(17)

Because of the angle summation formula,

M (h, d, θ, φ) = (\frac{D}{2} - h \tan φ \sin θ + d) \frac{\cos φ (1 - \sin^{2} φ \sin^{2} θ)}{\sqrt{\cos^{2} φ + \sin^{4} φ \sin^{2} θ \cos^{2} θ}}

(18)

We defined the two parts in equation (18) as bellows,

f_{1} (h, d, θ, φ) = \frac{D}{2} - h \tan φ \sin θ + d

(19)

f_{2} (θ, φ) = \frac{\cos φ (1 - \sin^{2} φ \sin^{2} θ)}{\sqrt{\cos^{2} φ + \sin^{4} φ} \sin^{2} θ \cos^{2} θ}

(20)

The curves of f₂(θ, φ) are shown in Fig.10, and the curves demonstrate that f₂(θ, φ) > 0 except $φ = \frac{π}{2}$ .

Fig. 10.

The curves of f₂(θ, φ)

Because the result of function f₂(θ, φ) is just concern to the basically zoom of scale, so we call it the scale function of the equation (18).

Observing the function f₁(h,d,θ,φ), it domains whether the value of equation (18) could reach to zero, so it is called the basis function of equation (18) . The θ_max which makes the basis function equal to zero is the critical constraint and that also means the maximal stability-keeping angle.

Because of f₁(h,d,θ,φ) ⩾ 0,

θ = {\begin{cases} [0, \frac{π}{2}] & 0 \leq φ < \arctan \frac{D + 2 d}{2 h} \\ [0, \arcsin \frac{D + 2 d}{2 h \tan φ}] & \arctan \frac{D + 2 d}{2 h} \leq φ < \frac{π}{2} \end{cases}

(21)

Considering the equation (21), the angle φ' equal to arctan $\frac{D + 2 d}{2 h}$ is the maximal angle with no stability loss. It is shown in Fig.11. When the $φ < φ^{'}$ , the $θ_{max} = \frac{π}{2}$ , when $φ \geq φ^{'}, θ_{max} = \arcsin \frac{D + 2 d}{2 h \tan φ}$ . So if we know the centroid position P_Centroid(d,l,h), we could calculate the θ_max and set the controller to make sure θ < θ_max. And if we know the performance of the controller of the robot, we should design the centroid position based on equation (21) to match the performance of the controller.

Fig. 11.

The figure of φ' with D=40cm

And from the Fig.11, we could know that the tiny increase of h is much more sensitive on the decrease of φ' than that of d. So if we want to enhance the stability during the stairs climbing the d should be decreased as much as possible.

5. Experiment

We used the search and rescue robot ourselves designed (Guo, Y., Bao, J., Song, A., 2009) to make a proof of the method. The different devices are separately loaded on the robot to receive the different centroid positions. And we adjusted the height of stair and drove the robot climbing it, shown in Fig. 12. The maximal height is recorded in Table 1.

Fig. 12.

The experiment of maximal height could climb

Table 1.

Record of maximal height

NO.	l	h	Experiment	Computation
NO.	(cm)	(cm)	H (cm)	H (cm)
1	30	20	8.3	8.34
2	30	30	5.3	5.37
3	35	35	6.2	6.27
4	35	40	5.2	5.26
5	40	45	6.1	6.14
6	40	20	14.1	14.14
7	45	30	12.5	12.51
8	45	35	10.7	10.74
9	50	40	11.6	11.59
10	50	20	20.6	20.62

With the different centroid position, the robot is requested running on the stairs shown in Fig. 13 with φ = 30°, 45°, 60°. And the results of θ_max are recorded in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.

Fig. 13.

The experiment of θ_max

Table 2.

Record of θ_max, φ = 30°

NO.	d	h	Experiment	Computation
NO.	(cm)	(cm)	θ_max (°)	θ_max (°)
1	0	30	90	90
2	0	40	41	40.89
3	−4	35	38	38.37
4	−4	45	31	31.63
5	−8	30	35	34.72
6	−8	40	27	27.46
7	−12	35	21	21.60
8	−12	45	17	17.11
9	−16	35	11	11.20
10	−16	45	9	8.75

Table 3.

Record of θ_max, φ = 45°

NO.	d	h	Experiment	Computation
NO.	(cm)	(cm)	θ_max (°)	θ_max (°)
1	0	30	34	33.69
2	0	40	26	26.57
3	−4	35	24	24.57
4	−4	45	20	19.57
5	−8	30	22	21.80
6	−8	40	16	16.70
7	−12	35	12	12.88
8	−12	45	10	10.08
9	−16	35	6	6.52
10	−16	45	5	5.08

Table 4.

Record of θ_max, φ = 60°

NO.	d	h	Experiment	Computation
NO.	(cm)	(cm)	θ_max (°)	θ_max (°)
1	0	30	21	21.05
2	0	40	16	16.10
3	−4	35	15	14.79
4	−4	45	11	11.60
5	−8	30	13	13.00
6	−8	40	10	9.83
7	−12	35	7	7.52
8	−12	45	5	5.86
9	−16	35	3	3.78
10	−16	45	2	2.94

From all the tables, the contrasts between the experiment results and the computed results are almost equal. And we have enough reasons to believe that the analysis and compute method of the maximal height the robot could climb over and the maximal stability-keeping angle θ_max are justifiable and correct.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, we are trying to find out the relationship between the stability of stairs climbing and the centroid position of the search and rescue. Considering the work situation of the search and rescue robot, the system is abstracted as a mass point – plane model. We analyze and calculate the process of climbing one stair, and the relationship between the maximal height the robot could climb over and the centroid position is developed through making the robot never turnover back around the bottom side. The mathematic description is given in this paper. And we also give an analysis of the stability during the stairs climbing. In order to protect the robot not to turnover back around one side of its body, we are trying to find and calculate the maximal stability-keeping angle deviating from the nose line when the robot could keep its stability. And a precise and computable solution of this problem is given in the paper. The experiment using the real search and rescue robot demonstrates its justification and correction.

All the result of research is based on the physical features of the search and rescue robot, and it hopes to find another way instead of adding more electric devices to enhance the performance of the robot. Our purpose is exploring the potential ability of the robot mechanical structure and keeps the control and electric systems concise and trustworthy. In future, we should do the job of decreasing the weight of the control and electric systems based on physical optimization such as centroid position and others like that.

Footnotes

7. Acknowledge

This research is made possible with support from the Project under Science Innovation Program of Chinese Education Ministry (No.708045).

References

Lau

(2009). Intelligent Robot-assisted Humanitarian Search and Rescue System. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 121–128, 2009

Guo

Song

Bao

Tang

Cui

(2009). A Combination of Terrain Prediction and Correction for Search and Rescue Robot Autonomous Navigation. International Journal of Advanced Robotic and Systems, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 207–214, 2009

Kim

B. H.

(2009). Centroid-based analysis of Quadruped-robot Walking Balance. International Conference on Advanced Robotics. Munich, Germany, 2009

Zhu

X. L.

Wang

H. G.

Fang

L. J.

Zhao

M. Y.

Wang

L.D.

(2006). Centroid Adjustment Control on Autonomous Obstacle Negotiating Inspection Robot. Robot, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 385–388, 2006

Kim

B. S.

Q. S.

Song

J. B.

Yim

C. H.

(2010). Novel Design of a Small Field Robot with Multi-active Crawlers Capable of Autonomous Stair Climbing. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 343–350, 2010

Wang

Kong

Sun

(2009). Effect and Motion Planning of Manipulator for Obstacle Negotiation of Track Robot. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 6–17, 2009

Liu

Wang

(2005). Analysis of Stairs Climbing Ability for a Tracked Reconfigurable Modular Robot. IEEE International Workshop on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics. Kobe, Japan, 2005

Pinhas

B. T.

Ito

Goldenberg

(2009). A Mobile Robot with Autonomous Climbing and Descending of Stairs. Robotica, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 171–188, 2009

Liu

(2009). Track-stair Interaction Analysis and Online Tipover Prediction for a Self-reconfigurable Tracked Mobile Robot Climbing Stairs. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 528–538, 2009

10.

Woo

C. K.

Choi

H. D.

Yoon

Kim

S. H.

Yoon

K. K.

(2007). Optimal Design of a New Wheeled Mobile Robot Based on a Kinetic Analysis of the Stair Climbing States. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 325–354, 2007

11.

Guo

Bao

Song

(2009). Designed and Implementation of Semi-autonomous Search and Rescue Robot. IEEE Conference on Mechatrinics and Automation. Changchun, China, 2009