Damped Least-Square Method Based on Chaos Anti-Control for Solving Forward Displacement of General 6-6-Type Parallel Mechanism

Abstract

Machine tools based on a Stewart platform are considered the machine tools of the 21st century. Difficult problems exist in the design philosophy, of which forward displacement analysis is the most fundamental. Its mathematical model is a kind of strongly nonlinear multivariable equation set with unique characteristics and a high level of difficulty. Different variable numbers and different solving speeds can be obtained through using different methods to establish the model of forward displacement analysis. The damped least-square method based on chaos anti-control for solving displacement analysis of the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism was built up through the rotation transformation matrix R, translation vector P and the constraint conditions of the rod length. The Euler equations describing the rotational dynamics of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass were converted to a chaotic system by using chaos anti-control, and chaotic sequences were produced using the chaos system. Combining the characteristics of the chaotic sequence with the damped least-square method, all real solutions of forward displacement in nonlinear equations were found. A numerical example shows that the new method has some interesting features, such as fast convergence and the capability of acquiring all real solutions, and comparisons with other methods prove its effectiveness and validity.

Keywords

Chaos Anti-Control Parallel Mechanism Damped Least Square Method Nonlinear Equations

1. Introduction

It is very difficult to obtain the forward displacement of the moving platform of parallel robots since the ability to realize pose is strongly coupled. Generally, a 6-6-type parallel mechanism is a Stewart mechanism, whose upper and lower platforms are flat arbitrary hexagons connected with six sliding pairs with spherical pairs at both ends. Obtaining forward displacement ultimately boils down to solving a set of nonlinear equations. Solving these equations is extremely difficult, which becomes another problem of the mechanism after completing the displacement analysis of the space 6R series mechanical arm [1]. Since D. Stewart first proposed the complete concept of the parallel mechanism and applied it to the moving platform of a flight simulator in 1965, the kinematics, the mechanism and the controller of the Stewart platform have aroused much interest [2 –4]. The platform brings many advantages, such as strong rigidity and high accuracy with six DOFs. A machine tool based on a Stewart platform may be considered the machine tool of the 21st century. Difficult problems exist in its design philosophy, and the kinematics problem of the Stewart platform is the most fundamental [5]. This problem relates to the mechanism in the robotics, and to algebraic geometry, differential geometry, symbolic computation and numerical computation in the mathematical aspect. In the mathematical model of the Stewart platform, there is a class of strongly nonlinear multivariable algebraic equations which are extremely difficult to solve, since nonlinear science is at the forefront of technological development. Because of the high level of difficulty of the mathematics, machine tools with Stewart platforms are known as being “manufactured by mathematics”, and this has become one of the 100 most central problems in interdisciplinary science [5]. A breakthrough in solving this problem will be an important milestone in algebraic equation solving, robot operating and machine tool designing.

Methods to solve forward displacement in Stewart platforms generally include analytic methods and numerical ones. Analytic methods for finding the closed form of the forward displacement can give the exact solution, but they often generate intermediate polynomials that are too large for the calculation to proceed [6]. Different techniques have been used to obtain the estimated number of solutions, some of the real solutions, and closed forms of some special configurations for the forward kinematics of the Stewart platform, but there is still a long way to go before completely acquiring all the real solutions of the equations [7 –13]. Numerical methods applied to the Stewart platform mainly include the Newton-Rapbson iterative method (referred to as NR method) [14], the homotopy method [15 –17], the chaotic method [18], the neurons algorithm [19], and the additional sensor method [20]. There is no need to solve the complex high-order nonlinear equations when using the NR method. But, in the NR method, the calculation speed is unstable, and both the convergence of the calculation results and the speed of convergence depend on the initial values. The homotopy and neurons methods can work out a complete solution, but this requires a large amount of calculation. The additional sensor method uses the necessary number of additional sensors and a certain arrangement to simplify the solving process of forward displacement position. However, the simple additional sensor method is very demanding given the processing error; it is also difficult to conduct the platform structure calibration because of the assembly in platform parts. In the mathematical model of the Stewart platform, there is a class of strongly nonlinear algebraic equations with multiple variables. Different methods establishing forward displacement can obtain different variable numbers and different solving speeds of the nonlinear equations. Researchers around the world have long wrestled with this problem. C.G. Liang [21] and W. Lin [22] obtained forward displacement of the triangle and quadrangle platform-type parallel robot with coincidence hinges, respectively; C.D. Zhang [23] obtained forward displacement of the hexagonal platform-type parallel robot. Compared with platform type, 3-D type can effectively avoid the interference with branch chains and extend the working space of the moving platform and the swing range of the attitude angle. However, it exacerbates the coupling of the pose in the moving platform and makes it more difficult to obtain forward displacement. Three independent equations that take the positive angles of the moving platform as the variables were established based on the basic constraint equations of the parallel robot, intermediate variables and mathematical processing in Matlab [24]. The nonlinear equations whose forward displacements are four variables in a platform-type parallel mechanism were set up [25], and nonlinear equations with seven variables in a 3-D parallel mechanism were built [26].

The chaos method described in [18] supposed that the points of Julia centralization in the Newton iteration method would appear in the neighbourhood where the Jacobian matrix determinant of the equations is equal to zero. However, this supposition has not been proved. The symbolic expression of the multivariable Jacobian matrix determinant first needs to be found. Then, all the variable values except one need to be determined. Finally, the chaos zone is searched for the undetermined variable. It is quite complicated to solve the matrix. Chaotic sequence method is a new kind of solving method in which the initial point of Newton iteration is generated using the chaotic and hyper-chaotic system, whereby all the real solutions on the mechanism synthesis can be effectively solved [27 –29]. However, the Henon hyper-chaotic Newton iteration method cannot solve the mechanism synthesis problem of 6-SPS. When the solutions are not convergent using the Newton or quasi-Newton method, the mathematical programming method can be adopted [30]. The mathematical programming method with the hyper-chaotic system was put forward to solve the synthesis problem of 6-SPS, and the problem was transformed into nonlinear equations with six variables [31]. The Henon super-chaotic sequence combined with the Newton downhill method created the super-chaotic Newton downhill method to solve this problem, which was transformed into nonlinear equations with nine variables [32]. The quaternion method was used to establish nonlinear equations in the synthesis problem of 6-SPS with eight variables, and was solved by using the hyper-chaotic neural networks damped least-square method, where the hyper-chaotic neural network produces a hyper-chaotic sequence as the initial iteration value in the damped least-square method [33].

In this paper, the nonlinear equations with nine variables on forward displacement in the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism were built up through the rotation transformation matrix R, the translation vector P and the constraint conditions of the rod length, and the damped least-square method based on chaos anti-control solving the forward displacement in the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism was put forward. The Euler equation for motion of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass was converted to a chaotic system by using chaos anti-control, and chaotic sequences were produced. By combining the characteristics of the chaotic sequence with the damped least-square method, all solutions of the equations on forward displacement were obtained. The numerical example shows that the new method has some interesting features, such as fast convergence and the ability to acquire all real solutions; comparison with other methods proves its effectiveness and validity.

2. Chaotic anti-control of rigid motion

Chaos and unpredictability are often advanced as arguments by postmodernists who wish to attack science. Chaos does reveal a basic limitation as to what science can achieve. However, knowing one's own limitation is not unscientific but essential to science. It is also important to see how self-knowledge is attained, and what capacities are made possible in the process.

Dynamics is as old as Newton. However, classical dynamics mainly focuses on individual processes obtained by solving dynamic equations with specific initial conditions. A process is nothing but a temporal succession of consecutive steps, each determined by its predecessor. Classical dynamics lacks the conceptual means to represent phenomena such as chaos or bifurcation. Chaos in mathematics means extreme sensitivity to initial conditions, i.e., minute differences in the initial conditions are amplified exponentially. Given an initial condition, the dynamic equation determines the dynamic process, i.e., every step in the evolution. However, the initial condition, when magnified, reveals a cluster of values within a certain error bound. For a regular dynamic system, processes issuing from the cluster are bundled together, and the bundle constitutes a predictable process with an error bound similar to that of the initial condition. In a chaotic dynamic system, processes issuing from the cluster diverge from each other exponentially, and after a while the error becomes so large that the dynamic equation losses its predictive power.

Modern dynamics goes much further. It introduces an expansive conceptual framework that includes processes for all possible initial conditions, and if a system depends on a set of parameters, its behaviours for all values of the parameters. The framework summarizes all these possible behaviours in a portrait in the system's state-space or phase-space. The state of a dynamic system is a summary of all its properties at one moment in time, and a process is a sequence of states whose succession is governed by the dynamic equation. The state-space is the collection of all the states that a system can possibly achieve. It has become one of the most important concepts in all the mathematical sciences.

Dynamical equations are already generalizations, and each equation governs a class of dynamical systems. Solving one of these equations requires an initial condition. Classical dynamics does not generalize about initial conditions, whose value for each case is assigned “from outside.” Modern dynamics generalizes about an initial condition by making it a theoretical variable internal to the state-space representation. This broadened theoretical framework enables scientists to introduce new concepts for dynamical processes with various initial conditions. Chaos and attractors are examples of such novel concepts. By internalizing initial conditions instead of receiving them “from outside,” dynamical theory attains a higher level of generality. Its scope expands from individual processes to processes with all possible initial conditions. Further generalization and scope expansion are on the way. Let us return to the logistic equation $y_{k + 1} = d y_{k} - d y_{k}^{2}$ and look at the parameter d. It is called d “control parameter,” the value of which is “dialled in by hand.” Because control parameters are totally enmeshed in the structure of the equation, varying them is trickier and not always fruitful. We cannot simply let d vary with k, because that would result in a totally different dynamical equation. Luckily, logistical systems have certain peculiarities that make the variation of d meaningful, provided we accept certain approximations. Suppose we pick a value for d and calculate processes for various initial conditions. For, say, $d = 2$ , we find that no matter what value we give for $y_{0}$ , $y_{k}$ always ends up at 0.5 when k becomes large; for $d = 1.5$ , $y_{k}$ always ends up at 0.33, and so on. This value (or group of values), upon which processes initiating from different conditions converge, is called an attractor.

Logistical processes have an attractor A, whose behaviours change with d, not only quantitatively but qualitatively. For $d < 3$ , A has a single value, which increases gradually as d increases. Then, at $d = 3$ , the attractor becomes unstable, and beyond 3 it changes into a cycle of two values. For $d = 3.1$ , for instance, $y_{k} = 0.56$ , $y_{k + 1} = 0.76$ , $y_{k + 2} = 0.56$ , $y_{k + 3} = 0.76$ , and so on, jumping between two steady values. As d increases further, the attractor changes into a cycle of four values, then a cycle of eight values, until at $d = 4$ the attractor has infinite values and can no longer be drawn. The change in the qualitative pattern of attractors is called bifurcation, a novel concept made possible by generalization over control parameters.

Unlike the logistical system, which has only one attractor, many systems have several attractors. The state-space of such a dynamical system divides into many basins of attraction, separated from each other by separatrices, which, like continental divides, separate a continent into several drainage basins. Processes initiating from conditions that fall within an attractor basin all converge on the same attractor, just as rains dropping in a drainage basin all converge on the same river.

Attractors and bifurcation are not merely mathematical curiosities; they play significant roles in science. An attractor represents the long-term and steady behaviour of a dynamical system, when perturbations represented by various initial conditions die down. Such steady behaviours are interesting to scientists. For instance, a dynamical system with many attractors can represent the cognitive process by which an animal distinguishes odours. Initial conditions in the system represent stimuli to the nose. Stimuli come in infinite varieties, depending on complicated source and environmental conditions. Because of cognitive dynamics, they separate and settle into different attractors, each representing a different odour. The animal is aware not of the dynamics but only of the final attractor, or the odour that it recognizes. However, cognitive scientists are most interested in its unconscious cognitive processes.

As an animal grows, it may develop a keener sense of smell and the ability to distinguish more odours. Such development can be represented by bifurcations, or changes in the pattern of attractor basins. Like geological upheavals changing the landscape and creating more drainage basins, a new attractor basin may appear in the animal's cognitive dynamics. In such models, the control parameters whose changes engender bifurcation can represent the animal's growing physiological conditions.

Of course, one must be careful about changes in control parameters. Mathematically, the control parameters must be constants in the solution of a dynamical equation; otherwise, we get a different equation. However, we can approximately consider two time-scales, one much longer than the other. Smelling an odour takes a few seconds; developing a better sense of smell takes months if not years. Thus, even when an animal is growing, since the growth rate is relatively slow we can regard the control parameters of its cognitive dynamics as constants for the duration of the smelling process. It is an approximation, but approximations based on reasonable scales of magnitude prove can be fruitful.

Chaos control can suppress or eliminate chaotic dynamical behaviour. Making a non-chaotic dynamical system chaotic, or retaining (or enhancing) the chaos of a chaotic system, is called “anti-control of chaos or chaotification” [34]. This means chaotic anti-control could be mainly described as the original non-chaotic system becoming chaos or chaos of the original system becoming stronger through the external input or the adjustment in internal parameters. To realize the control and anti-control of chaos, the controller should be designed as simple as possible in order to be low-cost, easy to realize and convenient to use. It is an engineering design problem to look for a chaos generator to realize chaotic anti-control. Whether a simple and strict chaos controller is designed successfully reflects the level of the mathematics and the capability of the engineering design [34, 35]. Feedback control is one of the basic methods for control and anti-control of chaos. The linear feedback controller is one of the simplest controllers which can realize chaotic anti-control. Using Lyapunov exponents of control or anti-control of chaos is an effective way of describing chaotic properties of nonlinear systems. The number of Lyapunov exponents is equal to $n_{1}$ , which is the number of dimensions of the state-space of the system. If one of Lyapunov exponents is greater than zero, the system is chaotic. If at least two of Lyapunov exponents are positive, the system is hyper-chaotic. The bigger the number of positive Lyapunov exponents, the higher the degree of instability in the system.

The Euler equations for motion of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass were given in [34, 35] as

{\begin{matrix} I_{1} {\dot{ω}}_{1} = (I_{2} - I_{3}) ω_{2} ω_{3} + M_{1} \\ I_{2} {\dot{ω}}_{1} = (I_{3} - I_{1}) ω_{3} ω_{1} + M_{2} \\ I_{3} {\dot{ω}}_{1} = (I_{1} - I_{2}) ω_{1} ω_{2} + M_{3} \end{matrix}

(1)

where $I_{1}$ , $I_{2}$ and $I_{3}$ are the main moments of the inertia, $ω_{1}$ , $ω_{2}$ and $ω_{3}$ are the angular velocities of the spindle, and $M_{1}$ , $M_{2}$ and $M_{3}$ are the imposed torques, respectively. Through a linear feedback system, the Euler equations for motion of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass are transformed into a chaotic system. (Note: The mechanism synthesis only requires the production of chaotic sequences, without considering parameter detection. It is definitely easy to detect the angular velocities in this engineering system.) Because the angular velocities are the changing parameters of the system, the imposed moments are the linear feedback of the angular velocities, which is expressed as $M = G ω$ , where

G = [\begin{matrix} g_{11} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & g_{22} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & g_{33} \end{matrix}]

Suppose $ω_{1} = x$ , $ω_{2} = y$ , $ω_{3} = z$ , $a = g_{11} / I_{1}$ , $b = g_{22} / I_{2}$ , and $c = g_{33} / I_{3}$ . Eq.(1) is then transformed into Eq.(2) as follows:

{\begin{matrix} \dot{x} = \frac{I_{2} - I_{3}}{I_{1}} y z + a x \\ \dot{y} = \frac{I_{3} - I_{1}}{I_{2}} x z + b y \\ \dot{z} = \frac{I_{1} - I_{2}}{I_{3}} x y + c z \end{matrix}

(2)

The qualifications when the system produces chaos are as follows [35]:

(1)

$a > 0, b < 0, c < 0$ , and $0 < a < - (b + c)$

or $b > 0, a < 0, c < 0$ , and $0 < b < - (a + c)$

or $c > 0, b < 0, a < 0$ and $0 < c < - (b + a)$ ;

(2)

$\frac{I_{2} - I_{3}}{I_{1}} < 0, \frac{I_{3} - I_{1}}{I_{2}} > 0, \frac{I_{1} - I_{2}}{I_{3}} > 0$ , that is, $I_{3} > I_{1} > I_{2}$

or $\frac{I_{2} - I_{3}}{I_{1}} > 0, \frac{I_{3} - I_{1}}{I_{2}} < 0, \frac{I_{1} - I_{2}}{I_{3}} < 0$ , that is, $I_{2} > I_{1} > I_{3}$

Select $I_{3} = 3 I_{0}, I_{1} = 2 I_{0}, I_{2} = I_{0}$ (satisfying $I_{3} > I_{1} > I_{2}$ ), $a = 5, b = - 10, c = - 3.8$ (satisfying $a > 0, b < 0, c < 0$ and $0 < a < - (b + c)$ ), the strange attractor of the system is as shown in Fig. 1 and the Lyapunov exponent as in Fig. 2. As the figures show, this system is chaotic.

Figure 1.

Strange attractor of system

Figure 2.

Lyapunov exponent of system

3. The least-square method of nonlinear equations

Take the nonlinear equation

f (x) = [f_{1} (x), \dots, f_{n} (x)] = 0

(3)

Its solution is $x = {[x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{n}]}^{T}$ , that is, $J_{k} = \frac{\partial f (x_{k})}{\partial x_{k}}$ . The iteration method of the least-square method is described as follows [36, 37]:

(1)

Choose initial value x₀;

(2)

Execute iteration based on the formula (4);

x_{k + 1} = x_{k} - {(J_{k}^{T} J_{k})}^{- 1} J_{k}^{T} f (x_{k}) \begin{matrix} (k = 0, 1, 2, \dots \end{matrix})

(4)

where $f (x_{k})$ is the value of $f (x)$ at the point $x_{k}$ and $J_{k}$ is the Jacobi matrix of $f (x)$ at the point $x_{k}$ . Generally, $J_{k}^{T} J_{k}$ is the symmetrical positive semi-definite matrix; its inverse matrix ${(J_{k}^{T} J_{k})}^{- 1}$ also exists, but the value of determinant $\det (J_{k}^{T} J_{k})$ is very small, and the pathological phenomenon is serious.

Many scholars have proposed improved algorithms to solve the above problem. The most famous is the damped least-square method (L-M algorithm). C.X. Zhan presented a new method which is more effective than the L-M algorithm based on this algorithm, and whose convergence rate is faster. Adopting this method, the basic idea is expressed as follows:

Let $E_{k} = J_{k}^{T} J_{k}$ , and $E_{k}$ can be divided into $E_{k} = L_{k}^{T} D_{k} L_{k}$ ( $L_{k}$ is the lower triangular matrix; $D_{k}$ is the diagonal matrix). The formula (4) can then be rewritten as $L_{k} D_{k} L_{κ}^{T} (x_{k + 1} - x_{k}) = - J_{k}^{T} f (x_{k})$ . Then, the damping is placed on $D_{k}$ , and the formula (5) is derived as follows:

L_{k} (D_{k} + μ I) L_{κ}^{T} (x_{k + 1} - x_{k}) = - J_{k}^{T} f (x_{k})

(5)

where I is an n-order identity matrix and $μ_{k} > 0$ is the damping factor; the selection algorithm and convergence iteration are described in [38].

4. The damped least-square method based on chaotic anti-control of rigid motion

The common system is transformed into the chaos system through chaotic anti-control, and chaotic sequences are produced by using a chaos system to obtain all solutions of the mechanism equations expressed with the vector $x^{*}$ in the chaotic anti-control method of mechanism synthesis. All solutions $x^{*}$ of nonlinear equations can be obtained using the damped least-square method based on chaotic anti-control of rigid motion. The solving steps are as follows:

(1)

Selecting the system parameters according to Eq. (2) and its generating conditions, we can construct hyper-chaos sets $x_{0} (i, j)$ ( $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ , where n is the number of variables; $j = 1, 2, \dots, N$ , where N, the length of hyper-chaos sets, is adjusted according to test circumstances);

(2)

Suppose that the interval of variable $x (i)$ is $[a (i), b (i)]$ and chaotic set $x_{0} (i, j)$ is mapped to the variable interval in order to generate $x (i, j)$ , the jth initial value of $x (i)$ . Go to step (3) if no mapping operation is to be conducted.

(3)

Take $x (i, j)$ as the initial value of the damped least-square method. All the solutions $x^{*}$ can be obtained after N iterations of Eq. (5) using the damped least-square method.

5. Mathematical modelling of forward displacement

The structure diagram of the general 6-6-type 3-D parallel mechanism is shown in Fig. 3. In this mechanism, the upper plane is connected to the lower by six branched chains with ball joints and sliding pairs. The fixed coordinate system $O_{1} x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ and the moving one $O_{2} x_{2} y_{2} z_{2}$ are established respectively as in Fig. 3, where the coordinates of $A_{i}$ and B_i are $Q_{i a} (a_{x i}, a_{y i}, a_{z i})$ and $Q_{i b} (b_{x i}, b_{y i}, b_{z i})$ , respectively, and the length of $A_{i} B_{i}$ is $L_{i} (i = 1, 2, \dots, 6)$ . The spatial position of the upper plane relative to the lower can then be determined as long as the rotation transformation matrix R and the translation vector $P (x, y, z)$ from $O_{2} x_{2} y_{2} z_{2}$ to $O_{1} x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ are obtained.

Figure 3.

Structure diagram of the general 6-6-type 3-D parallel mechanism

According to the condition of the rod length, the following equations can be obtained:

\begin{matrix} L_{i}^{2} = {[R Q_{i b} + P - Q_{i a}]}^{T} [R Q_{i b} + P - Q_{i a}] \\ \begin{matrix}  \end{matrix} (i = 2, 3, \dots, 6) \end{matrix}

(6)

L_{1}^{2} = P^{T} P

(7)

where

R = [\begin{matrix} l_{x} & m_{x} & n_{x} \\ l_{y} & m_{y} & n_{y} \\ l_{z} & m_{z} & n_{z} \end{matrix}]

After substituting Eq.(3) into Eq.(2) and expanding Eq.(2), we can obtain the equation as:

\begin{array}{l} L_{1}^{2} - L_{i}^{2} + Q_{i b}^{T} Q_{i b} + Q_{i a}^{T} Q_{i a} + 2 P^{T} R Q_{i b} - 2 Q_{i a}^{T} P - 2 Q_{i b}^{T} R Q_{i a} = 0 \\ \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix}  \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \end{matrix} (i = 2, 3, \dots, 6) \end{array}

(8)

whereR is the unit orthogonal matrix. The following equations can then be obtained.

l_{x}^{2} + l_{y}^{2} + l_{z}^{2} = 1

(9)

m_{x}^{2} + m_{y}^{2} + m_{z}^{2} = 1

(10)

l_{x} m_{x} + l_{y} m_{y} + l_{z} m_{z} = 0

(11)

n_{x} = l_{y} m_{z} - l_{z} m_{y}

(12)

n_{y} = l_{z} m_{x} - l_{x} m_{z}

(13)

n_{z} = l_{x} m_{y} - l_{y} m_{x}

(14)

Through Eqs. (12)–(14), $n_{x}$ , $n_{y}$ and $n_{z}$ can be obtained. Eqs. (6)–(11) are therefore the key and most difficult point of the forward displacement in the general 6-6-type 3-D parallel mechanism [32]; they are also the objective mathematical models in this paper. The nine unknown variables are $l_{x}$ , $l_{y}$ , $l_{z}$ , $m_{x}$ , $m_{y}$ , $m_{z}$ , x, y and z, which are written as $x = {[l_{x}, l_{y}, l_{z}, m_{x}, m_{y}, m_{z}, x, y, z]}^{T}$ .

6. Numerical example

In Fig. 3, the coordinates of point $A_{i}$ in a static coordinate system $x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ are $A_{1} (0, 0, 0)$ , $A_{2} (2, 0, 0)$ , $A_{3} (4, 1, 0)$ , $A_{4} (5, 3, 1)$ , $A_{5} (3, 5, - 1)$ , $A_{6} (- 1, 2, 2)$ , and the coordinates of point $B_{i}$ in dynamic coordinate system $x_{2} y_{2} z_{2}$ are $B_{1} (0, 0, 0)$ , $B_{2} (1, 0, 0)$ , $B_{3} (2, 1, 0)$ , $B_{4} (4, 3, 2)$ , $B_{5} (3, 4, - 1)$ , $B_{6} (- 2, - 1, 3)$ . $l_{1} = 11$ , $l_{2} = 12$ , $l_{3} = 13$ , $l_{4} = 15$ , $l_{5} = 14$ , $l_{6} = 10$ . The mechanism's total position forward solutions is found as follows.

Put the data into $F (x)$ , obtain chaos series from Eq. (2) and take it as the damped least-square method's initial value $x_{0}$ . Then run the program and the answers will come out automatically: there are four independent real solutions, as shown in Table 1. The corresponding initial values of the four real solutions are shown in Table 2, and the corresponding Euler angles of the four real solutions are shown in Table 3. It takes only 14.65s. If we adopt the Euler method to solve the similar problem, it will take 327.5 s on the same computer with an Intel Core™2 Quad CPU Q6600@2.4GHz, 2.39GHz and 2.00GB memory. The results are shown in Table 3, which is the same as Table 1 in [33]. The process takes 3.8s using the quaternion and hyper-chaotic damped least-square method, which is shown in Table 4 and can be changed to resemble Table 3.

Table 1.

Four examples of real solutions

No	x(1)	x(2)	x(3)	x(4)	x(5)
1	−0.5958	0.4756	0.6472	−0.6076	−0.7939
2	−0.5410	−0.7491	−0.3823	0.6784	−0.6574
3	0.0291	−0.8060	−0.5912	0.9820	−0.0872
4	−0.6539	0.2181	0.7245	−0.6314	−0.6849

No	x(6)	x(7)	x(8)	x(9)

1	0.0240	0.3682	5.3866	9.5838
2	0.3280	−1.8184	1.1055	−10.7922
3	0.1673	−1.1889	−0.3137	−10.9311
4	−0.3637	0.2301	3.8573	10.2989

Table 2.

Corresponding initial values of the four real solutions

No	x₀(1)	x₀(2)	x₀(3)	x₀(4)	x₀(5)
1	0.9883	0.9295	0.4095	0.0003	0.5409
2	0.9081	0.7647	0.7968	0.8166	−0.6585
3	0.9945	0.9672	0.5406	0.9633	−0.7518
4	−17.4691	−19.0200	−20.3337	−15.0719	6.1160

No	x₀(6)	x₀(7)	x₀(8)	x₀(9)

1	0.2077	0.2193	0.3258	0.0959
2	0.3271	−0.5817	0.1474	−0.8109
3	0.4212	−0.6733	−0.0107	−1.0000
4	−3.3138	7.4800	−24.1797	19.3022

Table 3.

Corresponding Euler angles of the four real solutions

No	x₁ x₂	x₃	x₄ x₅	x₆
1	0.5116 0.3675	0.9636	0.3682 5.3866	9.5838
2	−0.8487 0.2703	−0.4596	−1.8184 1.1055	−10.7922
3	−0.1554 0.3434	−0.7563	−1.1889 −0.3137	−10.9311
4	0.2768 0.5113	−0.6170	0.2301 3.8573	10.2989

Table 4.

Four examples of real results based on quaternion hyper-chaotic damp least-square method

No.	q₀	q₁	q₂	q₃
1	0.2484	0.3337	−0.3096	0.8550
2	−0.6578	−0.2861	−0.1538	0.6796
3	−0.4079	−0.2512	0.0703	0.8750
4	0.3051	0.3302	−0.1000	0.8876

No.	g₀	g₁	g₃	g₄

1	−7.6883	6.5440	4.1984	1.1998
2	7.0399	−1.1127	4.1411	7.2837
3	8.9082	2.4680	3.8515	4.5518
4	−8.0901	5.8517	4.4810	1.1085

If we use a Hénon hyper-chaotic system to produce hyper-chaotic sequences, it will take 8.5s to find all solutions based on the hyper-chaotic least-square method [36, 37]. The results are shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7. Tables 1 and 3 are in fact the same as Tables 5 and 7, the only difference being in the order of solutions and corresponding initial values. Different nonlinear equations behave differently. Different methods establishing nonlinear equations for the forward displacement problem can obtain different variable numbers and different solving speeds of nonlinear equations. Selecting appropriate methods to build nonlinear equations around the mechanism problem, as well as selecting appropriate chaotic or hyper-chaotic sequences, can help solve the nonlinear equations fast.

Table 5.

Four examples of real solutions based on hyper-chaotic least-square method

No	x(1)	x(2)	x(3)	x(4)	x(5)
1	−0.5958	0.4756	0.6472	−0.6076	−0.7939
2	−0.5410	−0.7491	−0.3823	0.6784	−0.6574
3	0.0291	−0.8060	−0.5912	0.9820	−0.0872
4	−0.6539	0.2181	0.7245	−0.6314	−0.6849

No	x(6)	x(7)	x(8)	x(9)

1	0.0240	0.3682	5.3866	9.5831
2	0.3280	−1.8184	1.1055	−10.7922
3	0.1673	−1.1889	−0.3137	−10.9312
4	−0.3637	0.2301	3.8573	10.2989

Table 6.

Corresponding initial values of the four real solutions based on hyper-chaotic least-square method

No	x₀(1)	x₀(2)	x₀(3)	x₀(4)	x₀(5)
1	0.8907	0.4907	0.8058	0.3264	0.5499
2	−0.9887	−1.5859	0.3082	0.8991	1.7229
3	0.8648	−0.9241	1.8413	0.7975	−1.3132
4	−0.6304	1.6168	1.6201	1.3458	−0.6667

No	x₀(6)	x₀(7)	x₀(8)	_x₀(9)

1	0.3888	0.8968	0.6761	0.8284
2	−0.7242	1.0452	1.4673	−1.7255
3	1.1049	0.5071	−0.2291	−1.2570
4	1.5922	1.6083	−0.8141	0.2605

Table 7.

Corresponding Euler angles of the four real solutions based on hyper-chaotic least-square method

No.	x₁	x₂	x₃	x₄	x₅	x₆
1	0.5116	0.3675	0.9636	0.3682	5.3866	9.5838
2	−0.8487	0.2703	−0.4596	−1.8184	1.1055	−10.7922
3	−0.1554	0.3434	−0.7563	−1.1889	−0.3137	−10.9311
4	0.2768	0.5113	−0.6170	0.2301	3.8573	10.2989

7. Conclusions

The nonlinear equations with nine variables on forward displacement in the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism were built up through the rotation transformation matrix R, translation vector P and the constraint conditions of the rod length. The damped least-square method based on chaotic anti-control for solving forward displacement in the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism was proposed. The Euler equations for motion of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass were converted to a chaotic system by using chaos anti-control, and chaotic sequences were produced. Combining the characteristics of the chaotic sequence with the damped least-square method, all the real solutions of forward displacement were obtained and the calculation steps were given. This method solves the problem of achieving convergence in the Newton and quasi-Newton methods based on chaos and super-chaos. The numerical example verifies that the method proposed in this paper is correct and effective. Running within the range of real numbers, this method provides a new approach for solving forward displacement in parallel mechanisms and other strongly nonlinear equations.

Footnotes

8. Acknowledgments

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China (No:51075144), the grant of the 12th Five-Year Plan for the key discipline programme (Mechanical Design and Theory) in Hunan province (XJF2011[76]) and the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No:13JJ8023).

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