pH-Responsive Vesicles with Tunable Membrane Permeability and Hydrodynamic Diameters from a Cross-Linkable Amphiphilic Block Copolymer

2.1 Materials

Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether(PEO; Mn ca. 2000 Da; Mw/Mn = 1.06) and 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEA)were purchased from Maya Chemical Co. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was supplied by TCI. PEO was dried under a vacuum overnight before being used. 2-Bromoisobutyryl Bromide and 2, 2′-Bipyridine (bpy; 99%) were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Co. DEA and GMA were passed through a column filled with basic alumina to remove the inhibitors. CuBr was washed with acetic acid and ethanol before use. Other chemicals and a reagent were purchased from Kermel Chemicals and used as received.

2.2 Preparation of PEO-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) by ATRP

Initially, the PEO-Br macroinitiator was prepared via the reaction of PEO with excess 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide according to the literature report [31], and was confirmed by ¹H NMR. Later, the PEO-Br was used as a macroinitiator to prepare the block copolymer as illustrated below, and the reaction mechanism is shown in Scheme 1. The PEO-Br macroinitiator (0.20 g, 0.1mmol), PMDETA(21 uL, 0.1 mmol), DEA (2.22g, 12.0mmol), GMA (0.43 g, 3.0 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL dioxane in a 25 mL reaction tube, before the tube was deoxidized via three freeze-evacuatethaw cycles. In the next stage of the experiment, 14.4 mg (0.1 mmol) CuBr was added to the flask in a solid state and the flask was deoxidized again. The flask was immersed in an oil bath at 50°C under continuous stirring. The reaction was polymerized for 3h and terminated by cooling to room temperature and exposure to air. The polymer solution was diluted with DCM and passed through a column filled with neutral alumina to remove the CuBr. The block copolymer was precipitated in petroleum ether three times and lyophilized in dioxane. The composition of the block copolymer was calculated by comparing the peak areas on ¹H NMR, and the conversion of monomers was almost 100%.

2.3 Preparation of vesicles and the cross-linking of the membranes

The general procedure for the self-assembly of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) and cross-linking is as follows. First, 10 mg of copolymer was dissolved in 2 mL THF in order to obtain a 5 mg/mL solution in a vial; then deionized water was added dropwise under continuous stirring until the water-volume ratio reached 80%. After stirring for 12h, 10 mg of ethylene diamine was added to the vesicle solution and it was stirred for another 12h in order to cross-link the membranes of the vesicles.

The hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution of the cross-linked membranes of vesicles prepared from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) at various pHs were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The pH responsiveness of the cross-linked vesicles was characterized by comparing the hydrodynamic diameter of the vesicles in different pHs along with aqueous dispersions by DLS. At the beginning, the THF was removed by dialyzing the vesicles against water, and then the vesicles were diluted into 0.1 mg/mL. The dynamic diameter of the vesicles at various pHs was characterized by DLS.

Characterization: Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was performed on an Agilent SEC equipment with a set of Styragel columns and a refractive index detector. The experiments were carried out at 30°C, with THF as the eluent, at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate and were calibrated by the polystyrene standard. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 600MHZ spectrometer (Avance III, Bruker Co. Switzerland) in CDCl₃ at room temperature. A Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy scan was obtained on a Varian600-IR spectrometer. The samples were dissolved in dichloromethane and dropped on KBr plates with 2 mm thickness for characterization. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization was carried out on a JEM-100SX microscope and the images were recorded by a digital camera. The dispersed samples were dropped onto carbon-coated grids for TEM observation. The size measurement of the vesicles (DLS) was carried out using a Delsa Nano C instrument (Beckman Coulter Inc).

3.1 Synthesis of self-catalysed cross-linkable block copolymerPEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA)

During this study, the PEO₄₅-Br was synthesized through the reaction of hydroxyl terminated PEO₄₅ with an excess of 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide and confirmed by ¹H NMR, as shown in Figure 1. By comparing the peak area of (a) (3.38 ppm) derived from PEO₄₅ and (d) (1.94 ppm) derived from 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, it was confirmed that all hydroxyl groups were consumed. The structure of PEO₄₅-Br was also confirmed by FT-IR as shown in Figure 2. A peak appeared at 1730 cm⁻¹, which represented the formation of the ester group; simultaneously, no absorbance between 3200⁻¹ and 3700 cm⁻¹ was detected, which confirmed that all hydroxyl groups were consumed.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 1.

¹H NMR spectra of PEO-Br and PEO-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃)

In the next stage, PEO₄₅-Br was used as a macroinitiator to synthesize the PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) block copolymer through ATRP, as it is a good mediator of the controlled radical polymerization of DEA and GMA. After being purified by precipitation and dried under a vacuum, the structure of the block copolymer was characterized by ¹H NMR and FT-IR. The ¹H NMR of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃)as an example is shown in Figure 2 (top). The block ratio of PDEA and PGMA can be determined by comparing peak areas of (b) (3.76 ppm) with (e) (4.01 ppm) and (j) (3.20 ppm). A series of PEO₄₅-b-P (DEA-co-GMA) block copolymers with different PDEA to PGMA ratios were synthesized in this work and their structural parameters are listed in Table 1. The structure of the block copolymer was also characterized by FT-IR, as shown in Figure 2 (bottom). The absorbance of carbonyl group at 1730 cm⁻¹ increased, which indicated the polymerization of methyl acrylate. The wide absorbance at 3110 cm⁻¹–2770 cm⁻¹ was derived from C-H stretching on both PDEA and PGMA. At the same time, a small absorbance appeared at 907 cm⁻¹, which derived from the epoxy groups of the block copolymer.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Table 1.

PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) block copolymers synthesized in this research and their characteristics

Polymers a	M n	Mw/Mn	Morphology	Diameter b
PEO45-b-P (DEA133-co-GMA16)	28.9×103	1.12	Vesicles	352 nm
PEO45-b-P (DEA118-co-GMA33)	28.5×103	1.15	Vesicles	314 nm
PEO45-b-P (DEA105-co-GMA48)	282×103	1.14	Vesicles	166 nm

a

determined by ¹H NMR

b

characterized by DLS at pH=7.4

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 2.

FT-IR spectra of PEO₄₅-Br and PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃)

The GPC characterizations were performed in order to determine the PDI of the block copolymer and characterize the stability of the block copolymer during ATRP. The GPC evolutions of PEO₄₅-Br and PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) are illustrated in Figure 3 as an example. After ATRP, the peak moved to a lower elution time, indicated the increasing of molecular weight. More importantly, the GPC curve of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) was also symmetrical, confirming the fact that the epoxy ring was stable during polymerization, although self-triggered cross-linking was noticed in the bulk state at 40 °C. This ensured good control of the block copolymer preparation and drug loading, and provided possible cross-linking without the addition of the cross-linker of amine.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 3.

GPC evolution of PEO₄₅-Br and PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃)

3.2 Self-assembly of PEO-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) copolymers ina THF/water solvent mixture

The self-assembly processes were conducted at room temperature and deionized water was added to the solution until the volume ratio of water reached 80%. After stirring for 24 hours, the ethylene diamine was added to cross-link the PGMA domains of the self-assemblies. The morphologies of the self-assemblies were observed via TEM after cross-linking. The TEM images of the vesicles prepared from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆)and PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₀₅-co-GMA₄₈)are shown in Figure 4. As is shown in Figure 4, the average diameter of the vesicles prepared from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆) is 110 nm, and the average diameter of vesicles prepared from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₀₅-co-GMA₄₈) is 119 nm, values comparable to those of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆), possibly due to their similar hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratios.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 4.

TEM images of vesicles self-assembled from (left) PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆)and (right) PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₀₅-co-GMA₄₈)

To characterize the pH responsiveness of the vesicles, the hydrodynamic diameters dependent on the PGMA ratio were determined via DLS using various pH values in an aqueous dispersion. As shown in Figure 5, the diameter of the vesicles prepared from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₀₅-co-GMA₄₈) is little larger than but comparable to TEM observations (166 nm at pH = 7.4). On the other hand, the diameters of the other two samples differed significantly; the diameter of the vesicles from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) was found to be 314 nm at pH = 7.4, and the diameter of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆) vesicles was 352 nm at the same pH. The reason for this larger hydrodynamic was due to the hydrophilic properties of PDEA in the vesicle's membrane. Moreover, the diameters of the vesicles showed typical pH responsiveness in the pH range of 4.0–9.8. All three samples showed similar trends in terms of the variation of pH, as shown in Figure 6. At pH 9.8, the PDEA sample was insoluble in water and resulted in a smaller diameter. However, the vesicles with higher PDEA ratios showed much larger diameters, indicating that PDEA is more hydrophilic than the PGMA segment. With a decreased pH of 7.4, the diameters of the vesicles increased due to the increased hydrophilicity of the PDEA segment. The PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₀₅-co-GMA₄₈) vesicles' diameters increased by around 15% when the pH was changed from 9.8 to 7.4, whereas the PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) and PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₃₃-co-GMA₁₆)vesicles' diameters increased by38% and 44%, respectively, because of their higher PDEA ratios and lower cross-linking densities. When the pH changed further to 6.0, the diameters of all three vesicles were found to be almost intact.

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 5.

pH-responsive vesicles self-assembled from PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA-co-GMA) with different DEA/GMA ratios

OPEN IN VIEWER

Figure 6.

DLS curves of vesicles from the self-assembly of PEO₄₅-b-P(DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) at various pHs

The comparable vesicle diameters at a pH between 7.4 and 6.0 have important practical applications, since most drug delivery is conducted within this pH range.

Interestingly, a further decrease in pH to 4.0 resulted in an obvious reduction in the vesicles' diameter, rather than an incremental reduction, which is evident in Figure 6. The possible reason for this may be the alteration in the solubility of PDEA in water as a result of protonation at a low pH. It was observed that a reduction of the pH value to 4.0 allowed part of the PDEA segment belonging to the vesicle membranes to dissolve in water. In parallel, it was observed that the intensity of the dissolved PDEA segments was very low when compared to that of the cross-linked vesicle membranes. As a result, the diameters of the vesicles decreased because the hydrodynamic diameter of the vesicles did not take the dissolved polymer segment into account.

At the same time, the vesicles did not disaggregate, which proved that the PGMA segments had cross-linked the vesicle membranes successfully. The DLS curves of PEO₄₅-b-P (DEA₁₁₈-co-GMA₃₃) vesicles at various pHs are shown in Figure 6 as an example. These kinds of responsive vesicles with pH-responsiveness have great advantages in anti-cancer drug loading and delivery, since the pH of a tumour is lower than that of other parts of the human body. However, the DOX deteriorated during the drug loading and release process; the most likely reason may be the reaction of the epoxy ring of the PGMA segment and the amino group on the DOX. Intensive study of the drug loading and release is already ongoing.