Background:

Zeste White 10 (ZW10) is a key component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that maintains chromosomal stability during mitosis. Dysregulation of ZW10 can cause chromosomal instability and aneuploidy—hallmarks of many cancers, including breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, its prognostic and therapeutic relevance in breast cancer remains unclear.

Objectives:

This study aimed to systematically investigate the expression pattern, prognostic significance, mutational profile, and immune associations of ZW10 in breast cancer using integrated omics data.

Design:

A computational, cross-cohort bioinformatics analysis combining transcriptomic, proteomic, mutational, and clinical data from publicly available databases.

Methods:

The ZW10 expression levels were assessed across normal and cancerous tissues using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and the Human Protein Atlas data sets. Immune infiltration correlations were analyzed using TIMER2.0, Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA), and TNMplot. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier Plotter and TCGA clinical data sets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and functional enrichment analyses were conducted using STRING and EnrichR, and mutation data were retrieved from COSMIC and cBioPortal.

Results:

The ZW10 expression was markedly upregulated across multiple cancers, with the highest expression in TNBC. Elevated ZW10 levels correlated with immune cell infiltration and adverse overall survival, while lower ZW10 expression predicted improved relapse-free survival. Protein-protein interaction and enrichment analyses revealed ZW10’s close interaction with key mitotic regulators and its involvement in spindle checkpoint and vesicular trafficking pathways. Mutation analysis identified predominant A > G and A > T substitutions and frequent gene amplifications across malignancies.

Conclusion:

The ZW10 acts as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer, particularly TNBC, through its dual roles in mitotic regulation and immune modulation. Further experimental validation is warranted to confirm its mechanistic role and therapeutic potential.

Plain Language Summary

ZW10 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human breast cancer

Background: Zeste White 10 (ZW10) is a key component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that maintains chromosomal stability during mitosis. Dysregulation of ZW10 can cause chromosomal instability and aneuploidy—hallmarks of many cancers, including breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, its prognostic and therapeutic relevance in breast cancer remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically investigate the expression pattern, prognostic significance, mutational profile, and immune associations of ZW10 in breast cancer using integrated omics data. Design: A computational, cross-cohort bioinformatics analysis combining transcriptomic, proteomic, mutational, and clinical data from publicly available databases. Methods: The ZW10 expression levels were assessed across normal and cancerous tissues using TCGA, GTEx, and the Human Protein Atlas datasets. Immune infiltration correlations were analyzed using TIMER2.0, GSCA, and TNMplot. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier Plotter and TCGA clinical datasets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and functional enrichment analyses were conducted using STRING and EnrichR, and mutation data were retrieved from COSMIC and cBioPortal. Results: The ZW10 expression was markedly upregulated across multiple cancers, with the highest expression in TNBC. Elevated ZW10 levels correlated with immune cell infiltration and adverse overall survival, while lower ZW10 expression predicted improved relapse-free survival. The PPI and enrichment analyses revealed ZW10’s close interaction with key mitotic regulators and its involvement in spindle checkpoint and vesicular trafficking pathways. Mutation analysis identified predominant A>G and A>T substitutions and frequent gene amplifications across malignancies. Conclusion: The ZW10 acts as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer, mainly TNBC, through its dual roles in mitotic regulation and immune modulation.