Psychological Reports

Resampling permutation procedures provide good approximations to exact permutation procedures and are therefore the preferred alternative when large samples render exact tests intractable. Resampling permutation procedures are described for three measures of variation and the three corresponding measures of consensus among ordered categories.

This study investigated the anxiety and depression for a group of 112 patients with Lower Back Pain. 56 patients with Lower Back Pain (21 women, 35 men) were seeking treatment in two clinics. Also, 56 subjects (20 females, 36 males) who had no Lower Back Pain agreed to participate as a control group. Psychological aspects were evaluated on the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised. Demographic characteristics and information on pain was collected by an author who constructed the questionnaire. The patients reported a higher mean on Anxiety and Depression subscales of SCL-90-R. t tests for means on the SCL-90-R scales between groups indicated statistically significant differences on the anxiety and depression scales.

A brief historical review is presented of the events in the USA relating to personnel selection in business and industry from 1903 to 2003. Emphasis is placed on the early periods of the century through the midyears. Involved in these events have been applied psychologists, the American Psychological Association, Government Agencies, Federal, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and the Supreme Court.

The views of students in their last year of high school on the effects of parental expectations on students' anxiety about education and a career were studied with 214 boys and girls from six single-sex high schools. Participants were asked to reply to two questionnaires, the Educational and Career Anxiety Questionnaire and the Parent's Self-esteem and Expectancy Questionnaire as well as to respond to a personal informational form. Analysis yielded negative significance for relations between parental self-esteem and expectations and students' anxiety about education and career. Moreover, the study showed that adolescent girls had significantly higher self-esteem than boys. In addition, comparing adolescents' views by their fathers' education showed that fathers with high education were more likely to have children with high parental self-esteem and rational expectations and lower anxiety about education and careers than those whose fathers had only primary education.

Transliminality is a hypothesized tendency for psychological material to cross thresholds into or out of consciousness. The 29-item Revised Transliminality Scale was administered to 186 students and members of the general population in Australia and the UK along with the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, a multidimensional measure of schizotypy. As predicted, scores on transliminality correlated .78 with those on Unusual Experiences, suggesting that the scales measure the same factor. Transliminality scores also correlated (.18, p = .008) significantly but weakly with scores on Impulsive Nonconformity, as predicted, and weakly (but not predicted) (r = .25, p < .001) with Cognitive Disorganization scores but not with Introvertive Anhedonia or the Lie scale.

Undergraduate students at an urban, public university were asked if they had ever attempted to dissuade a sexual partner from using condoms. Over 17% of the men and nearly 15% of the women admitted to having done so, and twice as many said that a sexual partner had attempted to dissuade them. Responses to a questionnaire indicated that individuals who had attempted to dissuade use of condoms did not show a greater tendency to engage in nonsexual risk-taking behaviors. Despite their claims that attempts to dissuade partners from using condoms occurred in committed relationships, condom dissuaders did show evidence of engaging in other high-risk sexual behaviors, e.g., greater number of sexual partners, greater number of sexually transmitted diseases.

This study assessed the relationship between two important constructs in social psychology, conformity and psychological reactance, which are suggested to be negatively related, i.e., a person higher in the tendency to conform will score lower on psychological reactance and vice versa. The two constructs were measured by multi-item self-report scales, the Therapeutic Reactance Scale of Dowd, et al. and a new tendency to conform scale constructed for this study. Data from a survey of 423 undergraduate students were used to test the hypothesis that scores on the scales were negatively correlated. The hypothesized relationship was positively supported by a significant but only moderately sized correlation (r = -.32, p < .001).

The current study compared the factor structures of the construct of organizational commitment between two samples of financial employees, one from the U.S. (n = 103) and one from South Korea (n = 109). Participants completed a 26-item questionnaire. Two factors (an affective component and a normative component) emerged for the U.S. sample; only one factor for the Koreans. Results suggest that culture should be considered when trying to assess organizational commitment.

In a sample of 503 American college students, the correlational matrix (18 × 18) of the Thalbourne, et al. Manic-Depressiveness Scale (1994) was subjected to exploratory factor analysis with a varimax rotation, which showed 13 items had the correct assignment to one of the scales (six for depression and seven for mania).

We used the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 to investigate if the formation, confidence, and nature of flashbulb memories were dependent on age. In addition, we compared the consistency over time of flashbulb memories with event memory, i.e., widely publicized factual details of the event, in a group of young respondents. College students (n = 34, M age 24.8 yr.) were questioned 2 wk. after the attack and again 2 mo. later. At the later time, also a group of healthy elderly respondents (n = 20, M age 70.5 yr.) was asked the same questions. Performance of young and old participants did not differ. Flashbulb memories were found without exception for both time periods and in both age groups. These memories had high confidence ratings and were described as very vivid. The original event was judged to have been accompanied by high emotion and rehearsal. In the college group, event memory, and to a smaller extent also flashbulb memory, decreased in accuracy already over the 2 mo. We conclude that flashbulb memories are a special case of normal episodic memory for emotional events. The creation of flashbulb memories, however, requires a special scenario of emotional arousal and rehearsal.

The relationship of chronic self-destructiveness and hopelessness to risk-taking behaviors was examined. College undergraduates (131 men, 114 women) completed the Beck Hopelessness Scale (Hopelessness), Chronic Self-destructiveness Scale (Self-destructiveness), and Expected Involvement Scale (Involvement) of the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Activities questionnaire. For both men and women, there were significant positive correlations between Self-destructiveness and Hopelessness scores. In men, there also were positive relationships between Self-destructiveness scores and Involvement in specific risky activities in the next 6 mo. These included illicit drug use, aggressive or illegal behaviors, risky sexual behaviors, heavy drinking, and irresponsible academic or work behaviors. In women, Self-destructiveness scores had a positive relationship with expected Involvement in heavy drinking and irresponsible academic or work behaviors. The only correlation between Hopelessness and Involvement scores for men was a negative one with expected participation in high risk sports. There were no significant correlations between Hopelessness and Involvement scores for women.

In a sample of 116 Kuwaiti students, the approval of physician-assisted suicide was not correlated with age, sex, or scores on death anxiety and fears of death and dying of self and others.

The combined coefficient alpha from studies reporting the reliability of scores using the Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaire were computed. Five studies comprising 898 participants were evaluated. A test of differences among the independent coefficients alpha was statistically significant (χ₄² = 10.38, p = .04) for the Fragmented and (χ₄² = 11.58, p = .02) for the Cohesive subscales. Post hoc comparisons showed the difference (F_129,299= 1.50, p = .003) was between Australia and Nigeria for the former and (F_155,157 = 1.54, p = .004) between South Africa and the United States for the latter alpha values. A one-way analysis of variance, testing for homogeneity among means within each subscale, indicated that these were homogeneous because the measure of the strength of association accounted for 10% of variability. As reliability coefficients were from homogeneous samples and alpha values were not different, the combined reliability is the best estimate of the population reliability for each subscale.

An emetophobic child is nonresponsive to conventional systematic desensitization and has her anxiety responses counterconditioned by using Competence Imagery instead of physical relaxation responses while progressing through her fear hierarchy.

In many societies, girls are more often killed by their parents than boys. However, not much of this is known in contemporary societies. This study had two main objectives. The first was to assess whether the number of boy and girl victims of maternal filicide differ in the literature from 1959 to 2000. Using two scientific databases, Medline and PsycINFO, 20 texts were pertinent. The second objective was to identify the variables that differentiate the mothers who killed a son and those who killed a daughter in a sample of 42 women from the province of Québec (Canada). Analysis of the data for the first part indicate that the numbers of sons and daughters killed by their mothers are similar in the literature. For the second aim no significant differences were noted between the women who killed a son and those who killed a daughter for 30 variables studied, e.g., motivation, method of killing, age of the victims, etc.

This paper reviews the many similarities and commonalities between video-game playing and slot machine gambling in response to Johansson and Gotestam in 2004.

Dream reports of 29 married or cohabiting women, all from a graduate program in marital counseling, were given the KJP Dream Inventory and Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Significant positive correlations were found between overall relationship quality as measured by the total Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores with self-reported frequencies of nightmares (.54), dissociative dreams (.52), and repetitive, traumatic dreams (.45). In addition, Dyadic Adjustment Scale subscales of Consensus, Cohesion, and Satisfaction correlated positively with these same dream measures. In addition to these counterintuitive findings 90% of the respondents' qualitative dream reports corroborated these findings. Results are discussed with respect to fears and negative affect associated with losing or leaving one's intimate partner.

This article outlines special issues related to being a nonheterosexual youth. Information is presented on the sexual development of homosexual youth and their unique challenges. Included are data about the average age of initial awareness and self-identification of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning youth. The average age of awareness of homosexual orientation is between 10 or 11 years, while the average for identifying or self-labeling is ages 13–15. This age range is consistent across studies. The special issues related to a unique sexual development, prejudices associated with being a nonheterosexually oriented youth, typical behavioral outcomes of dealing with discrimination, and major health concerns for this at-risk population are identified. Finally, implications for health care professionals working with these adolescents are outlined.

This article presents a model of why individuals experience the feeling of passionate love in intimate relationships. Previous models have been limited because they do not describe the purpose and function of passionate love, do not incorporate basic emotion and personality theory, or are not applicable to help couples in distress. The present model reinterprets and integrates previous findings. New predictions are made about the functioning of passionate love in relationships by hypothesizing a self-regulating, intimacy-seeking system that produces passionate love as its outcome. A self-regulation model proposed by Carver and Scheier in 1998 is the template on which this model is based.

The present study investigated the relations among Body Mass Index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls. Subjects were 266 girls (M age = 16.6 yr., SD = .9), recruited from two girls' high schools in Seoul, Korea. Based on Body Mass Index, 73.7% were normal weight, 22.9% were underweight, and 3.4% were overweight. 174 girls (65.4%) indicated that they were currently using any weight control method. Weight control behaviors differed significantly by Body Mass Index category, with girls whose Body Mass Indexes indicating normal weight being more likely to claim they used weight control behaviors. Also, the girls who rated themselves as dissatisfied with their body shape were more likely to report weight control behaviors.

We examined relationships among goal attributes (difficulty and affective value) and goal types (mastery, performance, intrinsic, and extrinsic). Goal attributes of positive affect value and relative salience of positive value were higher for intrinsic goals, mastery goals, and more difficult goals, qualified by an interaction between difficulty and type of goal. Intrinsic goals were more affectively positive than extrinsic goals and mastery goals were more positive than performance goals, but these differences vanished if goals were also perceived as difficult. Results were consistent with goal-orientation theories and suggest the usefulness of integrating incentive-attribute concepts with goal-orientation theories.

Social physique anxiety represents a discomfort or apprehension about body proportions, especially during social exercise. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship for such anxiety with selection of differing types of physical activity courses, assess changes in social physique anxiety after a 16-wk, physical activity session, and examine sex differences in social physique anxiety. Data from 315 undergraduate students (217 women, 98 men) enrolled in either physical activity courses or an emergency care course showed those in a fitness course had higher anxiety scores. Such scores differed by sex, and showed improvement between 8 and 16 wk.

The age distribution of AIDS deaths of males who have sex with males [MSM] was estimated from obituaries in the Washington Blade, a gay newspaper. Statistics from the 2003 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report are highly congruent with deaths of MSM due to AIDS from these obituaries. Death due to AIDS in old age was most frequent for heterosexuals and least frequent for MSM who were drug abusers. Obituaries in the Washington Blade are thus consistent with and may be representative of deaths due to AIDS among MSM. The latest CDC report tends to strengthen the overall finding based upon obituaries: that the lifespan of MSM is shortened two to three decades by AIDS and, possibly, other causes.

The Moral Judgment Test has been widely used in evaluation of moral development; however, it presents some problems related to the trait measured, reliability, and validity of its summary score (C-index). This index reflects consistency in moral judgment, but this construct is different from moral development as stated by Kohlberg. Therefore, users interested in the latter evaluation should refer to other indexes derived from the test. Some of the analyzed problems could be partially corrected with more theory and research on moral consistency as a component of moral competence.

To examine the perceived acceptability of compulsory detention in treatment of an individual with severe anorexia nervosa amongst a sample of members of the general population, 151 participants read vignettes describing the compulsory detention of a female patient with a Body Mass Index of 12.4. The vignettes systematically varied along three dimensions: patients' reaction, immediate outcome (psychological state), and long-term outcome (attendance at out-patient appointments). Acceptability was measured using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory. There were significant main effects of psychological outcome and the long-term treatment outcome. The main effect of the patients' reaction to the detention was not significant, but there was a significant interaction for psychological outcome and long-term outcome, such that good attendance at out-patient appointments increased ratings of acceptability more markedly when a good psychological outcome had been secured. The outcome of treatment exerts a strong influence on ratings of acceptability. Individuals who have no direct experience with eating disorders endorse treatments that are effective irrespective of the patients' feelings about the treatment.

This study examined relations between memories for childhood teasing and symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and eating disorders in 130 Dutch adolescents. Participants completed the Teasing Questionnaire-Revised which measures how much people recall having been teased during childhood, as well as the Social Anxiety Scale for Children, the Child Depression Inventory, and the Children's Eating Attitude Test. Analysis yielded significant positive correlations between self-reported recollections of childhood teasing and various symptoms. Furthermore, some evidence indicated specific domains of teasing were associated with specific types of psychopathological symptoms.

The responses of 55 trainees in suicide intervention to select Suicide Opinion Questionnaire items were evaluated to assess their attitudes toward euthanasia and the acceptability of suicidal behavior in general. Overall, 60% of participants agreed that people with incurable diseases should be allowed to commit suicide, and 51% agreed that suicide is an acceptable means to end an incurable disease. In contrast, 16% of participants agreed that suicide is acceptable for the aged and infirm, and 16% agreed that people in general do not have the right to take their own lives. Results also indicated that trainees in suicide intervention do not believe suicide should be socially sanctioned and that suicide is a societal concern.

This study investigated the optimal time for measuring stress and immune function in 20 healthcare professionals (19 women and 1 man) following interaction with a therapy dog. A nonclinical sample of healthcare professionals was assigned to 20 min. of quiet rest, and 5 and 20 min. with a therapy dog. Serum cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were collected at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, and blood for lymphocytes were collected at baseline, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Analysis indicated significant reductions in serum and salivary cortisol. The optimal time for measuring serum or salivary cortisol following interaction with a therapy dog was 45 min., with changes in salivary cortisol reflecting serum cortisol changes. Findings also suggest stress reduction in healthcare professionals may occur after as little as 5 min. of interaction with a therapy dog and warrants further investigation.

201 college women's and 179 men's impressions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl incident were related to measures of benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and erotophobia. For both women and men high benevolent sexism was correlated (.17–.24) to perceptions that the incident was degrading and that agents (e.g., MTV, NFL, Hollywood) other than the actors were responsible for the incident, whereas high erotophobia was correlated (.29–.39) to perceptions that the incident was degrading, attributable to others, and personally upsetting.

Schmeck's inventory of learning process, a measure of learning styles, was administered to 925 undergraduate students in Jordan. Analysis indicated that the four factors in Schmeck's conception of learning styles explained a total of only 20.8% of the variance. Schmeck's conception of learning did not describe adequately the learning styles of these Arabic university students.

85 German entrepreneurs were psychometrically assessed on 12 primary trait characteristics. The sample consisted of 49 men and 36 women whose mean age was 45.6 yr. (SD = 10.3). Occupational domains were production (40%) and services (60%). The mean duration of entrepreneurship within these domains was 13.1 yr. (SD = 9.3). By factor analysis five personality types of entrepreneurs could be identified: Creative Acquisitor, Controlled Perseverator, Distant Achiever, Rational Manager, and Egocentric Agitator. These types correspond with types found in research by Miner and with the Myer-Briggs Indicator. In addition, correlations between general type potential and both job and life satisfaction of entrepreneurs were found. The results are discussed with regard to intercultural stability of personality types and implications for research and application.

In a previous study, a significant negative correlation between shyness with affiliative humor and a significant positive one with self-defeating humor were reported. Since shyness and loneliness share many of the same characteristics, poor social skills and negative affect, for example, significant negative correlations of loneliness with affiliative and self-enhancing humor and a significant positive one with self-defeating humor were hypothesized. 106 community college students (34 men, 72 women) ranging in age from 17 to 52 years (M = 23.5, SD = 7.7) were tested. The hypotheses were supported. Interrelationships among humor, shyness, and loneliness should be examined within one study.

Relations were examined between family background, adolescents' academic achievement, aspirations, and young adults' educational attainment. Data were analyzed from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (4,500 men, 4,804 women; M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 0.4). Multistage regression analyses indicated that, while family background and academic achievement measures had medium associations with attainment, adolescents' educational aspirations made a large independent contribution to explaining differences in young adults' education attainment.

Some indexes and variables of the Children's Apperception Test Evaluation Form were used to evaluate children's thematic apperception stories to Bellak's test. The protocols were scored for four indexes: (1) number of words, (2) number of characters (animals) rightly identified, (3) number of modified characters (animals), (4) number of attributions given to the characters (animals) in the stories. The form was also scored for number and types of conflicts evoked in children. Interscorer reliability coefficients were high for all the indexes and variables. The sample included 70 children ages 4.5 to 11.5 yr. The relationship between scores and age and sex was also investigated.

A study of 144 students indicated that their negative attitudes toward organ donation were associated with higher fears of the death and dying of the self and less strongly with higher fears of the death and dying of others.

This study investigated the validity of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), a brief measure of malingering, in an inpatient psychiatric sample of 70. Among those patients who also completed the Personality Assessment Inventory (N = 44), Total M-FAST score was related in the expected directions to the Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales and indexes, providing evidence for concurrent validity of the M-FAST. With the PAI malingering index used as a criterion, we examined the diagnostic efficiency of the M-FAST and found a cut score of 8 represented the best balance of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. Based on this cut-score of 8, 16% of the population was classified as malingering. The M-FAST appears to be an excellent rapid screen for symptom exaggeration in this population and setting.

This study examined the incremental validity of Hardiness scales in a sample of Iranian managers. Along with measures of the Five Factor Model and of Organizational and Psychological Adjustment, Hardiness scales were administered to 159 male managers (M age = 39.9, SD = 7.5) who had worked in their organizations for 7.9 yr. (SD = 5.4). Hardiness predicted greater Job Satisfaction, higher Organization-based Self-esteem, and perceptions of the work environment as being less stressful and constraining. Hardiness also correlated positively with Assertiveness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and negatively with Depression, Anxiety, Perceived Stress, Chance External Control, and a Powerful Others External Control. Evidence of incremental validity was obtained when the Hardiness scales supplemented the Five Factor Model in predicting organizational and psychological adjustment. These data documented the incremental validity of the Hardiness scales in a non-Western sample and thus confirmed once again that Hardiness has a relevance that extends beyond the culture in which it was developed.

In a sample of 67 students, neuroticism scores were associated with money attitude scores. The higher the neuroticism score the higher the impulsivity and the lower the motivational drive, organization, and planning scores.

In this study which followed Lester's work of 1998 and 2001 for 27 nations of the world, membership in Alcoholics Anonymous, but not alcohol consumption or cirrhosis mortality as measures of alcohol use, abuse, and treatment, correlated with homicide but not suicide rates. Changes in Alcoholics Anonymous membership were not associated with changes in age-adjusted rates of homicide or suicide.

This study surveyed 25 Muslim women from Iran about their religious beliefs about sport while taking part in a softball clinic. Direct quotes were collected, translated into English, transcribed verbatim from surveys, and then inductively analyzed into higher order themes, which included strategies to deal with performance anxiety, presence of friends and family support, and use of religion in sport. Quantitative scores recorded indicated a low positive correlations of .17 between sport and religion, although there were some indications of differences about importance (some rated sport more important than religion). Hypotheses are proposed for study.

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth found that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (labeled sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (labeled emotional jealousy). Buss and his associates explained the results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing that the child is their own. To test this explanation, the Desire for Children Scale was created. Its internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were .86 and .89, respectively. Scores correlate with stated Number of Children Desired (convergent validity) but none of the Big-Five traits (divergent validity). It was hypothesized that for men scores on this scale would correlate positively with scores on sexual jealousy. The Desire for Children Scale and the two Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy items of Buss and his associates were given to 49 men and 55 women college students enrolled in psychology courses. Their average age was 19.9 yr. (SD = 3.7), and average year in school was 2.0 (SD= 1.2). Subjects volunteered to participate in the study in exchange for course credit. The hypothesis was confirmed and gives support to the uncertainty of paternity explanation.

The reasons the social sciences do not have an effect on public policies are discussed, including that there are conflicting results, the effect of scholars' biases on their research, and a desire to keep the social sciences value-free.

This study tested the links from organizational justice with burnout and the moderating role of sex in these relationships. A total of 279 contact employees (149 men and 130 women) were surveyed in 59 hotels. A questionnaire was used to measure distributive, procedural, and interactional justice as well as employees' burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and efficacy). Hierarchical regression models, calculated to test the hypothesized effects, indicated the predominance of procedural justice over distributive and interpersonal with regard to the direct relationships between organizational justice and burnout. Analysis also showed that links from interactional justice with exhaustion and cynicism were greater for women than for men. In contrast, there were no significant sex differences on the efficacy dimension.

The present study examined relationships between individual differences in the consideration of future consequences, sleep habits and sleep quality, and academic achievement in a sample of 231 undergraduates, 156 women and 75 men, whose ages ranged from 18 to 41 years (M = 19.0 yr., SD = 2.82). Individuals were recruited from two introductory courses and two upper-division courses, one each in the fields of biology and psychology. An 8-page questionnaire was administered to assess variables relating to personality, sleep habits and quality, and grade point average (GPA). Each volunteer was given extra credit in their respective courses for participation. Higher scores on the Consideration of Future Consequences scale were associated with self-reported measures of more regular sleep schedules, greater satisfaction with sleep, a reduced likelihood of oversleeping, and higher grade point averages. Moreover, oversleeping was significantly correlated with both scale scores and GPA.

A new apparatus is described to study a wide range of behavior in the vectors of Chagas's disease. The device is relatively inexpensive and easy to construct. A wide range of independent variables can be studied, including potential attractants, repellents, blood, and blood products under controlled conditions. Various experimental designs can be used including the investigation of learning and social behavior. The apparatus can also be used for the mass rearing of triatomines. The efficacy of the apparatus is illustrated in experiments on the attraction of odors and on fecundity.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale was developed to assess adults' retrospective account of the childhood occurrence of symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As little work has focused on psychometric properties of the scale for college students, it was administered to 111 college students. Because college students with ADHD experience more symptoms of depression than other students, three measures of mood-related symptoms were also administered. One month later, the Wender scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were readministered to 67 participants. On both occasions, the Wender scale had high internal consistency (r > .87) and was modestly but significantly correlated with measures of mood disorder symptoms (rs ranging from .33 to .47). The scale had high test-retest reliability (r = .68). These results support its use as a component of assessment of ADHD in college students.

There were no relations between nutritional status and psychological problems in 83 nonclinical 6-yr.-old children from low-risk socioeconomic and family backgrounds. Only Vitamin B₁₂ and weight were significantly lower in the group with psychological problems. More in-depth longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm these results.

Little research has investigated motivational differences between players on specific recreational gambling activities. The present study compared 17 slot machine gamblers and 47 state lottery players on the Gambling Motivation Scale. Ages ranged from 17 to 49 years (M = 28.7, SD = 9.8). Nonparametric tests showed significant differences between the two groups on motivation, but not for sex and age. Compared with lottery players, slot machine gamblers scored higher on motivation for stimulation, tension release, and feelings of importance. Both were almost equally highly motivated for rewards. The findings were discussed in terms of reasons why regular players continue in their preferred forms of gambling.

Relations were examined between one- and two-parent families and scores for young adults' happiness. Data were from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) and included 3,580 men and 3,991 women whose average age was 20.2 yr. (SD = 0.5) in 2000. Happiness was measured using the 14-item LSAY 2000 Happiness Scale, while family structure was assessed by the young people's responses to questions about who lived in their households. Analysis indicated that there were a number of small but meaningful differences (effect size d ≥ .20) in the happiness scores of young adults from single- and two-parent families.

An investigation was done of the relationship between scores on the Technical Orientation Scale and self-ratings of liking to be flattered among 103 working adults. As hypothesized, scores for technical orientation were negatively correlated with two self-report measures of liking to be flattered. Women had a significantly stronger rating for liking to be flattered. We conclude that a technical orientation may be a moderator variable for the potential of liking to be flattered.

Two groups of adults classified with depressed mood (10% highest scores on the Profile of Mood States-Short Form Depression scale) were contrasted on changes in POMS Depression scores over 10 weeks. The exercise group (n = 26) was given a moderate cardiovascular exercise program of 3x/week for 20 to 30 min. per session. The control group (n = 24) did not participate in exercise. Significant reductions in POMS Depression scores over 10 weeks were noted for the exercise group in between-group (d = –.88) and within-group (d = −1.32) analyses. Significantly more participants in the exercise group scored in the normal range at Week 10 (62%) than in the control group (29%). Neither changes in cardiorespiratory function (VO₂ max) nor initial POMS Depression scores were significantly correlated with changes in POMS Depression scores after 10 weeks. Methodological improvements, limitations, and practical application of findings after replication were discussed.

The relationships between the five-factor model of personality, subjective well-being, and social adaptation were examined in two Spanish groups, one of 112 undergraduate students and one of 177 participants from the general population. Analyses showed a clear pattern of low but positive associations among scores on well-being, social adaptation, and four of the five factors of personality (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability), very similar to those obtained by previous research in the American context.