Urban Education

A changed society makes necessary changed schools, which in turn make necessary new research modes and paradigms.

Teacher interactions can be viewed as, in part, "political. " They affect and are affected by the school's social structure and cultural orientations.

For a substitute, teaching is often dreary. The commonplace is verified, and sociological explanations are provided.

"Controlled choice" in Buffalo's school desegregation has been comparatively successfuL Schools have been effectively desegregated, enrollment is stable, resources are fairly distributed, schooling has been improved.

The proportion of teachers who are minority group members decreased because of low teacher status and salary, alternate career possibilities, desegregation, retrenchments, and other reasons.

High schools can be more effective if they develop an appropriate "culture. " This depends on both autonomy and support for the school.