Japan is the largest donor of development aid to China, and China is the largest recipient of international aid and arguably the most significant emergent transitional economy in the world. A survey of Japan's aid is helpful in any attempt to understand the impact of aid on China's national and regional development and on state strategies. Japan's aid is closely tied to the health of Japan's economy—the second largest economy in the world. Though certainly not unique in this regard, Japan's aid has a reputation for serving Japan's own national interests at the expense of the recipient nation's environmental and social conditions. The results of this survey reveal: (a) clearly defined and specific geographic patterns to Japan's aid to China; (b) changing sectoral patterns in Japan's aid to China; (c) important institutional changes underway in Japan's aid programs; and (d) a transfer of capital from Japan to China which serve the divergent goals of each state, though not necessarily in ways intended by each state.
AustinGHarsipS, 1998, “Economic inequality, priorities, influence and outcomes for Japan and China in the aid relationship”, draft manuscript, Northeast Asian Programs, Australian National University, Canberra
3.
BlackJ, 1991Development in Theory and Practice: Bridging the Gap (Westview Press, Boulder, CO)
4.
BlaikiePBrownKStockingMTongLDixonPSillitoeP, 1997, “Knowledge in action: local knowledge on development resource and barriers to its incorporation in natural resource research and development”Agricultural Systems55217–237
5.
BurnellP, 1997Foreign Aid in a Changing World (Open University Press, Milton Keynes)
6.
EPA, 1998, “Economic Planning Agency's fiscal year 1998 annual economic report”, Economic Planning Agency, 3-1-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8970
7.
EscobarA, 1996, “Constructing nature: elements for a post-structural political ecology”, in Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements Eds PeetRWattsM (Routledge, London) pp 46–68
8.
FoersterA, 1995Institutional Analysis of Development Administration: The Case of Japan's Bilateral Grant Aid and Technical Assistance (Physica, Heidelberg)
9.
FujisakiTBriscoeFMaxwellJKishiMSuzukiT, 1996, “Japan as top donor: the challenge of implementing software policy”Pacific Affairs69519–539
10.
GrantR, 1999, “Japan: a foreign aid superpower”, in Global Crisis in Foreign Aid Eds GrantRNijmanJ (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY) pp 44–60
11.
HoldarS, 1993, “The study of foreign aid: unbroken ground in geography”Progress in Human Geography17453–470
12.
IBRD/World Bank, 1993The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public PolicyInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank (Oxford University Press, New York)
JEXIM, 1996, “The results of research on the Three Gorges Dam Project”, The Export–Import Bank of Japan; now Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 4-1 Ohtmachi, 1-Chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8144
15.
JEXIM, 1997, “Eximbank's Operating Outline for China”, The Export–Import Bank of Japan; now Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 4-1 Ohtmachi, 1-Chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8144
16.
JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Shinjuku Mines Tower, 2-1-1 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo
KoppelBOrrR, 1993, “Power and policy in Japan's foreign aid”, in Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era Eds KoppelBOrrR (Westview Press, Boulder, CO) pp 341–366
22.
MOFA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo
23.
MOFA1996, “Japan's ODA annual report 1995”
24.
MOFA1997a, “Japan's ODA annual report 1996”
25.
MOFA1997b, “On the promotion of structural reform”, cabinet decision
MRI, 1997, “The survey for the decision making of economic cooperation”, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Tokyo
31.
MuldavinJ, 1997, “Environmental degradation in Heilongjiang: policy reform and agrarian dynamics in China's new hybrid economy”Annals of the Association of American Geographers87519–613
32.
MuldavinJ, 1999, “The rhetoric and reality of Japan's development aid policy towards China: problematizing the environment”, paper presented at the Association of American Geographers annual conference in Honolulu, HI; copy available from author
33.
MuldavinJ, 2000a, “Japanese development aid to China and regional security”, under final review at Geopolitics; copy available from author
34.
MuldavinJ, 2000b, “The paradoxes of environmental policy in reform era China”, forthcoming in Economic Geography; copy available from author
35.
NFJ1997, “Local areas of Japan globalize: JETRO program helps areas cope with competition”New Focus Japan241–2
36.
OECD, 1998OECD Development Cooperation 1997 Report (OECD, Paris)
37.
OECD, 1999Development Co-operation Reviews: Japan 1999number 34 (OECD, Paris)
OECF1997c, “The 25th anniversary of normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan-yen loans: contribution to environmental protection of China”, press release; www.oecf.go.jp/press97/1997/0912-e2.htm
42.
OkawaM, 1996, “An inquiry into the philosophy of international development assistance and Japan's official development assistant charter: the case of Japan's (ODA) to China”Fuji Daigaku Kiyou28(2) 1–26 (in Japanese)
43.
OrrR, 1989, “Collaboration or conflict? Foreign aid and US–Japan relations”Pacific Affairs62476–489
44.
PayerC, 1991Lent and Lost: Foreign Credit and Third World Development (Zed Books, London)
45.
PharrS, 1994, “Japanese aid in the new world order”, in Japan: A New Kind of Super Power? Eds GarbyCBullockB (Woodrow Wilson, International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC) pp 159–178
46.
RimmerP J, 1986, “‘Look East!’: The relevance of Japanese urban planning and technology to southeast Asian cities”Transportation Planning and Technology1147–67
47.
RixA, 1989, “Japan's foreign aid policy: a capacity for leadership?”Pacific Affairs62461–475
48.
ScheyvensH, 1996, “The external politics of ODA: a case study of Japan”, DP-96/2, Institute of Development Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North
49.
ScottA, 1998Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition, and Political Order (Oxford University Press, New York)
50.
SegalG, 1994, “China changes shape: regionalism and foreign policy”, Adelphi Paper 287, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 23 Tavistock Street, London WC2E 7NQ
51.
SegalP, 1999, “Bankruptcy of another firm deepens China fears”International Herald Tribune 4 January, page 7
52.
SoderbergM, 1996The Business of Japanese Foreign Aid (Routledge, New York)
53.
TerryE, 1997The East Asian Miracle- One Paradigm Too Many?Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore; www.irra.org/ebt/paradigm6.html
54.
TischSWallaceM, 1994Dilemmas of Development Assistance: The What, Why, and Who of Foreign Aid (Westview Press, Boulder, CO)
55.
WadeR, 1996, “Japan, the World Bank and the art of paradigm maintenance”New Left Reviewnumber 217, 3–37
YasutomoD, 1989, “Why aid? Japan as a ‘great aid power”’Pacific Affairs62490–503
60.
ZhaoQ, 1993, “Japan's foreign aid diplomacy with China”, in Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era Eds KoppelBOrrR (Westview Press, Boulder, CO) pp 163–182
