Much literature suggests that knowledge-production activities are still heavily dependent upon geographically proximate sources of information, in spite of rapid development in telecommunications technology. Some analysts believe that the importance of proximity in knowledge production will eventually disappear with the continued development of telecommunications. The authors analyse patent citations and find that, after controlling for the existing distribution of knowledge-production activities, the proportion of local citations has increased over time. This finding reinforces the notion that in contemporary knowledge production and innovation the role for geographical proximity is increasing.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AcsZ J, 2002Innovation and the Growth of Cities (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos)
2.
AcsZ JAudretschD BFeldmanM P, 1992, “Real effects of academic research: Comment”American Economic Review82363–367
3.
AcsZ JAnselinLVargaA, 2002, “Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge”Research Policy311069–1085
4.
AharonsonB SBaumJ A CFeldmanM P, 2004, “Industrial clustering and the returns to inventive activity: Canadian biotechnology firms, 1991–2000”, WP 04–03, Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics, Copenhagen
5.
AlmeidaPKogutB, 1999, “Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks”Management Science45905–918
6.
AminACohendetP, 1999, “Learning and adaptation in decentralised business networks”Environment and Planning D: Society and Space1787–104
7.
ArchibugiDLundvallB (Eds), 2001The Globalizing Learning Economy (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
8.
AudretschD BFeldmanM P, 1996, “R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production”American Economic Review86630–640
9.
AzoulayP, 2003, “Acquiring knowledge within and across firm boundaries: Evidence from clinical development”, WP 10083, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
10.
BaptistaR, 2000, “Do innovations diffuse faster within geographical clusters?”International Journal of Industrial Organization18515–535
11.
BaptistaRSwannP, 1998, “Do firms in clusters innovate more?”Research Policy27525–540
12.
BatheltHGraftA, 2006, “Internal and external dynamics of the Munich film and TV industry cluster and the international entertainment sector”Spaces1–31
13.
BraczykH-JCookePHeidenreichM, 1998Regional Innovation Systems: The Role of Governances in a Globalized World (UCL Press, London)
14.
BreschiSLissoniF, 2001, “Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: A critical survey”, LIUC Papers in Economics, Cattaneo University, Castellanza
15.
BreschiSLissoniF, 2003, “Mobility and social networks: Localised knowledge spillovers revisited”, working paper series, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation, Università Bocconi, Milan
16.
BreschiSMalerbaF, 2003, “Networks of knowledge through patent citations: An analysis of EPO patent citations data”, paper presented at DRUID Summer Conference, Copenhagen, http://www.druid.dk/conferences/
17.
BreschiSLissoniFMalebraF, 2003, “Knowledge networks from patent citations: Methodological issues and preliminary results”, paper presented at DRUID Summer Conference, Copenhagen, http://www.druid.dk/conferences/
18.
CantwellJIammarinoS, 2001, “EU regions and multinational corporations: Change, stability, and strengthening of technological comparative advantage”Industrialand Corporate Change101007–1037
19.
CehB, 2001, “Regional innovation potential in the United States: Evidence of spatial transformation”Papers in Regional Science80297–316
20.
CoC, 2002, “Evolution of the geography of innovation: Evidence from patent data”Growth and Change33393–523
21.
CookePMorganK, 1998The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
22.
GertlerM S, 2003, “Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there)”Journal of Economic Geography375–99
23.
GlaeserE L, 1999, “Learning in cities”Journal of Urban Economics46254–277
24.
GrilichesZ, 1990, “Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey”Journal of Economic Literature281661–1707
25.
HakansonL, 2005, “Epistemic communities and cluster dynamics: On the role of knowledge in industrial districts”Industry and Innovation12433–463
26.
HallB HJaffeA BTrajtenbergM, 2001, “The NBER patent citations data file: Lessons, insights and methodological tools”, WP 8498, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
27.
HicksDBreitzmanTOlivastroDHamiltonK, 2001, “The changing composition of innovative activity in the US: A portrait based on patent analysis”Research Policy30681–703
28.
HippCGruppH, 2005, “Innovation in the service sector: The demand for service-specific innovation measurement concepts and typologies”Research Policy34517–535
29.
JaffeA B, 1989, “Real effects of academic research”American Economic Review79957–970
30.
JaffeA B, 2000, “The US patent system in transition: Policy innovation and the innovation process”Research Policy29531–557
31.
JaffeA BFogartyM S, 2000, “The meaning of patent citations: Report on the NBER/Case-Western Reserve Survey of Patentees”, WP 763,1 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
32.
JaffeA BTrajtenbergM, 1996, “Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional and geographic boundaries”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States9312671–12677
33.
JaffeA BTrajtenbergMHendersonR, 1993, “Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations”Quarterly Journal of Economics108577–598
34.
JaffeA BFogartyM SBanksB A, 1998, “Evidence from patents and patent citations on the impact of NASA and other Federal labs on commercial innovation”Journal of Industrial EconomicsXLVI183–205
35.
JohnsonD K NBrownA, 2004, “How the West has won: Regional and industrial inversion in US patent activity”Economic Geography80241–260
36.
JohnsonD K NSiripongNBrownA, 2006, “The demise of distance? The declining role of physical proximity for knowledge transmission”Growth and Change3719–33
37.
KellyMHagemanA, 1999, “Marshallian externalities in innovation”Journal of Economic Growth439–54
38.
LearnerE EStorperM, 2001, “The economic geography of the Internet age”Journal of International Business Studies32641–665
39.
LevyFMurnaneR J, 2004The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market” (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ)
40.
LissoniF, 2003, “Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: The case of Brescia mechanical cluster”Research Policy301479–1500
41.
LundvallB-A (Ed.), 1992National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (Pinter, New York)
42.
LundvallBJohnsonB, 1994, “The learning economy”Journal of Industrial Studies123–42
MaursethP BVerspagenB, 2002, “Knowledge spillovers in Europe: A patent citation analysis”Scandinavian Journal of Economics104531–545
45.
NelsonR R (Ed.), 1993National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
46.
HuallacháinÓ B, 1999, “Patent places: Size matters”Journal of Regional Science39613–640
47.
HuallacháinÓ BLeslieT F, 2005, “Spatial convergence and spillovers in American invention”Annals ofthe Association of American Geographers95866–886
48.
PatelPPavittK, 1991, “Larger firms in the production of the world's technology: An important case of ‘non-globalization’”Journal of International Business Studies2235–54
49.
PorterM E, 2000, “Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy”Economic Development Quarterly1415–34
50.
SaxenianA, 1994Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
51.
SchererF M, 1983, “The propensity to patent”International Journal of Industrial Organization1107–128
52.
ScottA J, 1993Technopolis: High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
53.
StorperM, 1997The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (Guilford Press, New York)
54.
StorperMVenablesA J, 2004, “Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy”Journal of Economic Geography4351–370
55.
ThompsonPFox-KeanM, 2005, “Patent citations and the geography of knowledge spillovers: A reassessment”American Economic Review95450–460
56.
VerspagenBSchoenmakersW, 2004, “The spatial dimension of patenting by multinational firms in Europe”Journal of Economic Geography423–42
57.
ZookM A, 2000, “The web of production: The economic geography of commercial internet content production in the United States”Environment and Planning A32411–426
58.
ZookM A, 2002, “Hubs, nodes, and bypassed places: A typology of E-commerce regions in the United States”Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie93509–521
