This paper analyzes comparatively the role of planning policy and practice in the diffusion of the neoliberal competitiveness agenda to improve the position of the Dutch and Colombian cut-flower agroindustries in world markets. The Netherlands seeks to meet national competitive aims by deploying an infrastructure approach to planning, coupled with a framing concept to generate cross-scale coordination. The Colombian government seeks to diffuse the competitiveness agenda through the formation of institutional arrangements at the national scale and processes of decentralization, yet it meets resistance from municipal governments through their land-use plans. The findings indicate that national governments rely on context-specific mechanisms and endogenous planning tools to diffuse the competitiveness agenda across scales. While this partially accounts for variation in its diffusion, the findings point to the significance of the social organization of commodity chains in the uptake of the competitiveness agenda subnationally. The analysis draws from field research in the Netherlands and Colombia, and the critical examination of planning policy and practice in both sites.
AlbrechtsLHealeyPKunzmannK R, 2003, “Strategic spatial planning and regional governance in Europe”Journal of the American Planning Association69113–129.
2.
KorthalsAltes WK, 2006, “Towards regional development planning in the Netherlands”Planning Practice and Research21309–321.
3.
BairJ, 2008, “Analysing economic organization: Embedded networks and global chains compared”Economy and Society37339–364.
4.
BarhamBClarkMKatzESchurmanR, 1992, “Nontraditional agricultural exports in Latin America”Latin America Research Review2743–82.
5.
BatheltHMalmbergAMaskellP, 2004, “Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation”Progress in Human Geography2831–56.
6.
BeardV AFaranakMSilverC (Eds), 2008Planning and Decentralization: Contested Spaces for Public Action in the Global South (Routledge, New York).
7.
BekDMcEwanCBekK, 2007, “Ethical trading and socioeconomic transformation: Critical reflections on the South African wine industry”Environment and Planning A39301–319.
8.
BorjaM, 2000Estado, sociedady ordenamiento territorial en ColombiaIEPRI Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
9.
BrennerN, 1998, “Between fixity and motion: Accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales”Environment and Planning D: Society and Space16459–481.
10.
BrennerN, 2004New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
11.
BrennerNTheodoreN, 2002Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe (Blackwell, Malden, MA).
12.
BreukersAHietbrinkORuijsM, 2008, “The power of Dutch greenhouse vegetable horticulture: An analysis of the private sector and its institutional framework” (LEI, The Hague), http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1883125.pdf.
13.
SaavedraCabrera CAGalvesR N, 2003, “Las leyes de saneamiento fiscal y su efecto sobre la descentralización”, in Ordenamiento Territorial: Reivindicación para el desarrollo Eds BeckerAChicaCCárdenasM E (GTZ and Fescol, Bogotá) pp 15–53.
14.
CarterM RBarhamB LMesbahD, 1996, “Agricultural export booms and the rural poor in Chile, Guatemala, and Paraguay”Latin America Research Review3133–65.
15.
CastañedaDAG, 2006Mujeres, floricultura, y multinacionales en ColombiaCorporación Cactus; http://www.cactus.org.co.
CifuentesR R, 2003Experiencias Sindicales y Conflictos Laborales en la Floricultura ColombianaCorporacion Cacus and Oxfam, Bogota.
19.
CoeN MHessMYeungHW-CDickenPHendersonJ, 2004, “‘Globalizing’ regional development: A global production networks perspective”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series29468–484.
20.
DickenP, 1994, “The Roepke Lecture in economic geography global–local tensions: Firms and states in the global space-economy”Economic Geography70101–128.
21.
DickenP, 1998Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy (Guilford Press, New York).
22.
DNP, 2007Agenda interna para la productividad y la competitividad: Documento regional Bogotá-CundinamarcaDepartamento Nacional de Planeación, Bogotá; http://www.dnp.gov.co/PortalWeb/.
23.
EchánoveF, 2004, “Globalisation and restructuring in rural Mexico: The case of fruit growers”Tidjschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie9615–30.
24.
EscobarA, 1995, “The dispersion of power: Tales of food and hunger”, in Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ) pp 102–153.
25.
CuervoEspinosa JOVallejoOAPRomeroOIS, 2005, “Dinámicas en la promoción del desarrollo”, in Colombia Regional: Alernativas y Estrategias (Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá) pp 67–98.
26.
EvansP, 1997, “The eclipse of the state? Reflections on stateness in an era of globalization”World Politics5062–87.
27.
EversDBen-ZadokEFaludiA, 2000, “The Netherlands and Florida: Two growth management strategies”International Planning Studies57–23.
28.
FainsteinS S, 2002, “The changing world economy and urban restructuring”, in Readings in Urban Theory Eds FainsteinS SCampbellS (Blackwell, Oxford) pp ….
29.
FaludiAValkAVD, 1994Rule and Order: Dutch Planning Doctrine in the Twentieth Century (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht).
30.
Fedesarrollo, 2007, “The emergence of new successful export activities in Colombia”, IABD Project—Latin American Research Network; http://www.iadb.org/res/laresnetwork/.
31.
FloridaR, 2004Cities and the Creative Class (Routledge, London).
32.
FraserA, 2010, “The craft of scalar practices”Environment and Planning A42332–346.
33.
GeliertP, 2003, “Renegotiating a timber commodity chain: Lessons from Indonesia on the political construction of global commodity chains”Sociological Forum1853–84.
34.
GereffiG, 1995, “Global production systems and third world development”, in Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development Ed. StallingsB (Cambridge University Press, New York) pp 100–142.
35.
GereffiGKorzeniewiczM (Eds), 1994Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT).
36.
GereffiGHumphreyJSturgeonT, 2005, “The governance of global commodity chains”Review of International Political Economy1278–104.
37.
Gobierno Municipal de Chia, 2000Plan de ordenamiento territorial.
38.
Gobierno Municipal de Facatativá, no date Plan de desarrollo.
39.
Gobierno Municipal de Funza, no date Plan básico de ordenamiento territorial municipio de Funza. Documenta técnico de sporte.
40.
Gobierno Municipal de Madrid, no date Plan de desarrollo.
41.
Gobierno Municipal de Tenjo, no date Plan de ordenamiento territorial.
GwynneR N, 2006, “Governance and the wine commodity chain: Upstream and downstream strategies in New Zealand and Chilean wine firms”Asia Pacific Viewpoint47381–395.
44.
HajerMZonneveldW, 2000, “Spatial planning in the network society: Rethinking the principles of planning in the Netherlands”European Planning Studies8337–355.
45.
HarveyD, 2003The New Imperialism (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
46.
Henderson J, Dicken P, Hess M, Coe N, Yeung H W-C, 2002, “Global production networks and the analysis of economic development”Review of International Political Economy9436–464.
HughesA, 2000, “Retailers, knowledge and changing commodity networks: The case of the cut flower trade”Geoforum31175–190.
49.
KlinkA VVisserE-J, 2004, “Innovation in Dutch horticulture: Fresh ideas in fresh logistics”Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie95340–346.
50.
LeitnerH, 2004, “The politics of scale and networks of spatial connectivity: Transnational interurban networks and the rescaling of political governance”, in Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method Eds SheppardEMcMasterR B (Blackwell, Malden, MA) pp 236–255.
51.
LobaoLMartinRRodriguez-PoseA, 2009, “Editorial: Rescaling the state: New modes of institutional–territorial organization”Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society22–12.
52.
McMichaelP, 1990, “Incorporating comparison within a world-historical perspective: An alternative comparative method”American Sociological Review55385–397.
53.
McMichaelP (Ed.), 1994The Global Restructuring of Agro-food Systems (Food Systems and Agrarian Change) (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).
54.
McMichaelP (Ed.), 1995Food and Agrarian Orders in the World-economy (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT).
55.
MarcusePKempenR V, 2000Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order? (Blackwell, Oxford.
56.
MeierV, 1999, “Cut-flower production in Colombia—a major development success story for women?”Environment and Planning A31273–289.
57.
Meza-GuarnerosVGeddesM, 2010, “Local governance and participation under neoliberalism: Comparative perspectives”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research34115–129.
JiménezMoncayo E, 2005, “Las políticas regionales en Colombia: Un enfoque generacional”, in Colombia Regional: Alternativas y Estrategias (Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá) pp 101–144.
62.
Municipio de Cajicá, 2004–2007Plan de Desarrollo Municipal: For la Cajicá que queremos.
63.
NeilsonJPritchardB, 2010, “Fairness and ethicality in their place: The regional dynamics of fair trade and ethical sourcing agenda in the plantation districts of South India”Environment and Planning A421833–1851.
64.
PáezO, 2007, “La floricultura Colombiana: Un modelo inequitativo e inviable”Revista Corporación Cactus (Corporación Cactus, Bogotá).
65.
PanitchL, 1994, “Globalisation and the state”The Socialist Register3060–93.
66.
Patel-CampilloA, 2010a, “Agro-export specialization and food security in a sub-national context: The case of Colombian cut flowers”Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society3279–294.
67.
Patel-CampilloA, 2010b, “Rival commodity chains: Regulation and agency in the US and Colombian cut flower agro-industries”Review of International Political Economy1775–102.
68.
Patel-CampilloA, 2011, “Transforming global commodity chains: Actor strategies, regulation, and competitive relations in the Dutch cut flower sector”Economic Geography8779–99.
69.
PeckJ, 2005, “Struggling with the creative class”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research29740–770.
PeetRHartwickE R, 1999Theories of Development (Guilford Press, New York).
72.
PorterL, 2007, “Producing forests: A colonial genealogy of environmental planning in Victoria, Australia”Journal of Planning Education and Research26466–477.
73.
PorterM E, 1990The Competitive Advantage of Nations (Free Press, New York).
74.
PritchardB, 2005, “How the rule of the market rules the law: The political economy of WTO dispute settlement as evidenced in the US-lamb meat decision”Review of International Political Economy12776–803.
RestrepoD ICárdenasR E, 2003, “Descentralización, desarrollo e integración: Crisis del centralismo y nuevos retos para las entidades territoriales”, in Ordenamiento territorial: Reivindicación de la descentralización para el desarrollo Eds BeckerAChicaCCárdenasM E (GTZ and Fescol, Bogotá) pp 55–107.
79.
RiisgaardL, 2009, “Global value chains, labor organization and private social standards: Lessons from East African cut flower industries”World Development37326–340.
80.
RistG, 2002The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith (Zed Press, New York).
81.
CastroRomero VN, 2008Aproximación a las relaciones entre el empleo y el trabajo no remunerado de las trabajadoras de las flores en la sabana de BogotáRed Internacional de Género y Comercio Capítulo Latinoamericano; http://www.generoycomercio.org.
82.
SaletW, 2006, “Rescaling territorial governance in the Randstad Holland: The responsiveness of spatial and institutional strategies to changing socio-economic interactions”European Planning Studies14959–977.
83.
SanchezJ E, 2000, “Uso de agroquímicos en la producción de flores bajo invernadero en Colombia”Aconteceres Entomológicos pages 75–108.
84.
SanchezJ E, 2003, “Efectos ambientales de la floricultura en Colombia”, in Floricultura de exportación en América Latina: Hipótesis y retos Ed. PardoSierra CP (Corporación Cactus and Terre des Hommes, Bogotá) pp 40–47.
85.
SassenS, 2001The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).
86.
SchmidtSBuehlerR, 2007, “The planning process in the US and Germany: A comparative analysis”International Planning Studies1255–75.
SierraC P, 2003, “Mirada comparativa a la floricultura en America Latina”, in Floricultura de exportación en América Latina: Hipótesis y retos (Corporación Cactus and Terres des Hommes, Bogotá) pp 97–117.
90.
SmithN, 2004, “Scale bending and the fate of the national”, in Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society and Method Eds SheppardEMcMasterR B (Blackwell, Malden, MA) pp 192–212.
91.
SpaansM, 2007, “The changing role of the Dutch supralocal and regional levels in spatial planning: What can France teach us?”International Planning Studies12205–219.
92.
StorperM, 1997The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (Guilford Press, New York).
93.
SwyngedouwEMoulaertFRodriguezA, 2002, “Neoliberal urbanization in Europe: Large-scale urban development projects and the new urban policy”Antipode34542–577.
94.
The Economist2011, “Oh, Mr Porter: The new big idea from business's greatest guru seems a bit undercooked”394(8673) 78.
WolsinkM, 2003, “Reshaping the Dutch planning system: A learning process?”Environment and Planning A35705–723.
104.
WRR, 1999Reports to the Government: Spatial Development PolicyNetherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, The Hague; http://www.wrr.nl/english/.
105.
YeungHW-C, 1998, “Capital, state and space: Contesting the borderless world”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series23291–309.
106.
ZamudioR, 2003, “Impactos sociolaborales de la floricultura”, in Floricultura de exportación en América Latina: Hipótesis y retos Ed. SierraPardo CP (Corporación Cactus and Terres des Hommes, Bogotá) pp 34–39.
