This paper addresses the question of how to create environments that people will want to explore. Four environmental properties (slines, entropy, floor area, and shape) were tested for exploration time in three experiments that included thirty-eight virtual environments and sixty participants. Slines had the strongest effect on exploration time (r = 0.36), followed by entropy (r = 0.34). Floor area and shape had much smaller effects on exploration time (r = 0.10 and r = 0.09, respectively). Possibilities for future research are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BerlyneD E, 1960Conflict, Arousal and Curiosity (McGraw-Hill, New York)
2.
BerlyneD E, 1971Aesthetics and Psychobiology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York)
3.
BerlyneD E, 1974a, “Verbal and exploratory responses to visual patterns varying in uncertainty and in redundancy”, in Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Towards an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation Ed. BerlyneD E (John Wiley, New York) pp 121–158
4.
BerlyneD E (Ed.), 1974bStudies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Towards an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation (John Wiley, New York)
5.
BerlyneD EMadsenK B (Eds), 1973Pleasure, Reward, Preference (Academic Press, New York)
6.
ChoiY K, 1999, “The morphology of exploration and encounter in museum layouts”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design26241–250
7.
CochranW GCoxG M, 1957Experimental Designs (John Wiley, New York)
8.
CohenJ, 1988Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ)
9.
CohenJCohenP, 1993Applied Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ)
10.
CookT DCampbellD T, 1979Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis for Field Settings (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA)
11.
CoverT MThomasJ A, 1991Elements of Information Theory (John Wiley, New York)
12.
FisherR A, 1935The Design of Experiments1971 edition (Hafner Press, New York)
HedgesL VOlkinI, 1985Statistical Methods for Meta-analysis (Academic Press, Orlando, FL)
15.
HilbertD, 1999Foundations of Geometry (Open Court, La Salle, IL)
16.
HillierB, 1996Space is the Machine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
17.
HillierBHansonJ, 1984The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
18.
KingstonK B, 1996Computer Animation as a Simulation Technique in Architectural Research and Design (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT)
19.
LesselsSRuddleR L, 2005, “Movement around real and virtual environments”Presence14580–596
20.
MontgomeryD C, 1997Design and Analysis of Experiments (John Wiley, New York)
21.
O'RourkeJ, 1993Computational Geometry in C (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
22.
PeponisJWinemanJRashidMKimS H, 1998, “On the generation of linear representations of spatial configuration”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design25559–576
23.
PeponisJDaltonR CWinemanJDaltonN, 2004, “Measuring the effects of layout upon visitors' spatial behaviors in open plan exhibition settings”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design31453–473
24.
RenyiA, 1984A Diary on Information Theory (Akademiaki Kiado, Budapest)
25.
RichardsonA WMontelloD RHegartyM, 1999, “Spatial knowledge and acquisition from maps, and from navigation in real and virtual environments”Memory and Cognition27741–750
26.
RosenthalRRosnowR L, 1991Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis (McGraw-Hill, New York)
27.
RuddleR APayneS JJonesD, 1997, “Navigating buildings in ‘desk-top’ virtual environments: experimental investigations using extended navigational experience”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied3143–159
28.
SearleS R, 1971Linear Models (John Wiley, New York)
29.
ShannonC RWeaverW, 1998The Mathematical Theory of Communication (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL)
30.
ShpuzaRPeponisJ, 2008, “The effect of floorplate shape upon office layout integration”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design35318–336
31.
StampsA E, 2000Psychology and the Aesthetics of the Build Environment (Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA)
32.
StampsA E, 2002, “Meta analysis”, in The Handbook of Environmental Psychology Eds BechtelRChurchmanA (John Wiley, New York) pp 222–232
33.
StampsA E, 2003, “Advances in visual diversity and entropy”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design30449–463
34.
StampsA E, 2004, “Entropy and visual diversity in the environment”Journal of Architectural and Planning Research21239–256
35.
StampsA E, 2005, “Enclosure and safety in urbanscapes”Environment and Behavior37102–133
36.
StampsA E, 2007a, “Entropy and environmental mystery”Perceptual and Motor Skills104691–701
37.
StampsA E, 2007b, “Evaluating spaciousness in static and dynamic media”Design Studies28535–557
38.
StampsA E, 2007c, “Mystery of environmental mystery: effects of light, occlusion, and depth of view”Environment and Behavior39165–197
39.
StampsA EKrishnanV V, 2006, “Spaciousness and boundary roughness”Environment and Behavior38841–872
40.
StanneyK MHaleK SMahmensIKennedyR S, 2003, “What to expect from immersive virtual environment exposure: influences of gender, body mass index, and past experience”Human Factors45504–522
41.
StiglerS M, 1986The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
42.
ThorndykeP WHayes-RothB, 1982, “Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation”Cognitive Psychology14560–589
43.
TzortziK, 2003, “An approach of the micro structure of the gallery space: the case of the Sainsbury wing”, paper presented at the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, University College London
44.
WienerJ MFranzGRossmanithNReicheltAMallotH A, 2007, “Isovist analysis captures properties of space relevant for locomotion and experience”Perception361066–1083
45.
WitmerB GBaileyJ HKnerrB WParsonsK C, 1996, “Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge”International Journal of Human — Computer Studies45413–428
