Commercial pure titanium offers excellent biocompatibility, but its properties are poor for some biomedical applications where both mechanical properties and biocompatibility are required. The study attempts to evaluate the developement ofTi–Zr alloys using conventional powder metallurgical techniques by mixing elemental powder (BE) or mechanical mixing (MA) as a function of the zirconium content (6, 15 and 20 wt-%). Sintering was performed at 1523 K after compaction at 700 MPa for BE powders and 900 MPa for MA powders. Sintered parts were tested to obtain maximum flexural strength. Samples were characterised microstructurally by X-ray diffraction to study the phases. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to study the phases, porosity, grain size. Flexural strength to Ti CP was greater, but slightly diminished with increasing Zr content. However, the elastic modulus increased slightly compared to Ti. The results obtained show that it is possible to make these alloys by powder metallurgy.
WilliamsDF.Titanium for medical applications. In: BrunetteD, TengvallP, TextorM, ThomsonP, editors. Titanium in medicine. Berlin: Springer; 2001. p. 14–24.
2.
BranemarkPI.Osseointegration and its experimental background. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50:399–410.
3.
OdmanJ, LekholmU, JemtT, Osseointegrated titanium implants – a new approach in orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthodont. 1988;10:98–105.
4.
RomeoE, LopsD, AmorfiniL, Clinical and radiographic evaluation of small-diameter (3.3 mm) implants followed for 1–7 years: a longitudinal study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:139–148.
5.
ZinsliB, SagesserT, MericskeE, Clinical evaluation of small-diameter ITI implants: a prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19:92–99.
6.
SchwarzMS.Mechanical complications of dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:156–158.
7.
ParrGR, GardnerLK, TothRW.Titanium – the mystery metal of implant dentistry – dental materials aspects. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;54:410–414.
8.
OkazakiY, GotohE.Comparison of metal release from various metallic biomaterials in vitro. Biomater. 2005;26:11–21.
9.
LiY, WongC, XiongJ, Cytotoxicity of titanium and titanium alloying elements. J Dent Res. 2010;89:493–497.
10.
KobayashiE, DoiH, YoneyamaT, Influence of aging heat treatment on mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-Zr based ternary alloys containing niobium. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1998;9:625–630.
11.
BernhardN, BernerS, De WildM, The binary TiZr alloy – a newly developed Ti alloy for use in dental implants. Forum Implantol. 2009;5:30–39.
12.
KimTI, HanJH, LeeIS, New titanium alloys for biomaterials: a study of mechanical and corrosion properties and cytotoxicity. Biomed Mater Eng. 1997;7:253–263.
13.
ZhangYM, ChaiF, HornezJC, The corrosion and biological behaviour of titanium alloys in the presence of human lymphoid cells and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Biomed Mater. 2009;4:015004.
14.
NaganawaT, IshiharaY, IwataT, In vitro biocompatibility of a new titanium-29niobium-13tantalum-4.6zirconium alloy with osteoblast-like MG63 cells. J Periodontol. 2004;75:1701–1707.
15.
IkarashiY, ToyodaK, KobayashiE, Improved biocompatibility of titanium-zirconium (Ti-Zr) alloy: tissue reaction and sensitization to Ti-Zr alloy compared with pure Ti and Zr in rat implantation study. Mater Trans. 2005;46:2260–2267. [cited 2020 June 20th]. Available from: http://www.straumann.com/science-roxolid
16.
HoWF, ChenWK, WuSC, Structure, mechanical properties, and grindability of dental Ti–Zr alloys. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:3179–3186.
17.
TakahashiM, KikuchiM, OkunoO.Grindability of dental cast Ti-Zr alloys. Mater Trans JIM. 2009;50(4):859–863.
18.
CorreaDRN, VicenteFB, DonatoTAG, The effect of the solute on the structure, selected mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of Ti–Zr system alloys for dental applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;34:354–359.
19.
ZhaoX, NiinomiM, NakaiM, Development of high Zr-containing Ti-based alloys with low Young's modulus for use in removable implants. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31:1436–1444.
20.
QuW, SunX, Chengyang XiongB-Y, Microstructures and phase transformations of Ti-30Zr-xNb (x = 5, 7, 9,13 at.%) shape memory alloys. Mater Charact. 2016;122:1–5.
21.
SlokarL, ŠtrkaljA, GlavašZ.Synthesis of Ti-Zr alloy by powder metallurgy. Eng Rev. 2019;39(1):115–123.
22.
VicenteFB, CorreaDRN, DonatoTAG, The influence of small quantities of oxygen in the structure, microstructure, hardness, elasticity modulus and cytocompatibility of Ti-Zr alloys for dental applications. Mater (Basel). 2014;7:542–553.
23.
LiQ, YangZ, XiaC, Effects of Y addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-25Zr alloys. Mat Sci Eng A. 2019;748:236–243.
24.
CordeiroJM, FaveraniLP, GrandiniCR, Characterization of chemically treated Ti-Zr system alloys for dental implant application. Mat Sci Eng C. 2018;92:849–861.
25.
JiPF, LiuSG, ZhangX, Influence of continuous laser treatment on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of forged Ti-Zr alloy. Mater Lett. 2020;263:127165.
26.
TangH-C, LiuY, ZhaoD-P, Influence of oxygen on grindability of Ti-15Zr-based alloy as dental material. Chin J Nonferrous Met. 2019;29(10):2285–2291.
27.
WangB, ZhangT, WangJ, Microstructure and properties of powder metallurgy Ti-Zr alloys for dental implants. Mater Sci Eng of Powder Metall. 2019;24(2):106–111.
MedvedevAE, MolotnikovA, LapovokR, Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-15Zr alloy used as dental implant material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;62:384–398.
30.
Brizuela-VelascoA, Pérez-PevidaE, Jiménez-GarrudoA, Mechanical characterisation and biomechanical and biological behaviours of Ti-Zr binary-alloy dental implants. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2785863:10.
31.
MohanP, ElshalakanyAB, OsmanTA, Effect of Fe content, sintering temperature and powder processing on the microstructure, fracture and mechanical behaviours of Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe alloys. J Alloys and Comp. 2017;729:1215–1225.
32.
HuangCH, HuangYS, LinYS, Electrochemical and biocompatibility response of newly developed TiZr-based metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;43:343–349.
