Dexamethasone Promotes Type 2 Cytokine Production Primarily Through Inhibition of Type 1 Cytokines

Glucocorticoids, at concentrations mimicking stress-physiologic plasma levels, cause an in vitro shift in the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) toward a predominant type 2 response. The mechanisms of these immune alterations are currently unknown but may involve modulation of key cytokines known to regulate the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance. Therefore, we sought to determine the role of cytokines previously reported to regulate the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13, in the glucocorticoid-mediated human type 1/type 2 cytokine alterations. Human PBMC were stimulated in vitro with tetanus toxoid in the presence of 10^-8 M dexamethasone (DEX). Cultures were supplemented with recombinant human (rHuIL-12), rHuIFN-γ, or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13. DEX decreased IFN-γ production and increased IL-4 and IL-10 production by tetanus-stimulated PBMC. The addition of either recombinant IL-12p70 or IFN-γ abrogated the DEX-mediated decrease in IFN-γ and increase in IL-4 production. Neutralization of IL-4 activity partially abrogated the DEX-induced alterations in IFN-γ and IL-4, but not IL-10, production. Neutralization of IL-10 or IL-13 had no effect on the Dex-mediated type 1/type 2 cytokine alterations. Therefore, the DEX-mediated type 1/type 2 cytokine alterations in tetanus-stimulated PBMC are primarily the result of downregulation of type 1 cytokines, subsequently permitting the production of type 2 cytokines.