Medical Journals and Conflicts of Interest

Carragee E. J. Hurwitz E. L. Weiner B. K. , “A Critical Review of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Trials in Spinal Surgery: Emerging Safety Concerns and Lessons Learned,” Spine Journal 11, no. 6 (2011): 471–491, at 471 and 475.

Carragee E. J. Ghanayem A. J. Weiner B. K. Rothman D. J. Bono C. M. , “A Challenge to Integrity in Spine Publications: Years of Living Dangerously with the Promotion of Bone Growth Factors,” Spine Journal 11, no. 6 (2011): 463–468, at 464.

Fauber J. , “Journal Editor's Bonanza Research Articles Favorable to Provider of Royalties Appear with Regularity,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, December 29, 2009, at 1A.

Saul S. , “Doctor Is Accused of Giving Drug's Maker Advance Look at Critical Article,” New York Times, January 31, 2008, at C10.

Jones A. , “Psychiatrist to Leave Medical Journal Post; Emory Scientist's Article Criticized,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 29, 2006, at 1B.

Carey B. , “Correcting the Errors of Disclosure,” New York Times, July 25, 2006, at F5.

Nemeroff C. B. Mayberg H. S. Krahl S. E. , “VNS Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Clinical Evidence and Putative Neurobiological Mechanisms,” Neuropsychopharmacology 31, no. 7 (2006): 1345–1355.

Becker A. Dorter F. Eckhardt K. , “The Association between a Journal's Source of Revenue and the Drug Recommendations Made in the Articles It Publishes,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, no. 5 (2011): 544–548.

Kesselheim A. S. , “Covert Pharmaceutical Promotion in Free Medical Journals,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, no. 5 (2011): 534–535.

For discussion of the Conflicts of interest of editors and journals, see, for example, Haivas I. Schroter S. Waechter F. Smith R. , “Editors' Declaration of Their Own Conflicts of Interest,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 5 (2004): 475–476.

Sepkowitz K. , “Under the Influence? Drug Companies, Medical Journals, and Money,” Slate, September 10, 2007, available at <http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2007/09/under_the_influence.html>(last visited July 25, 2012).

Lexchin J. Light D. W. , “Commercial Influence and the Content of Medical Journals,” BMJ 352, no. 7555 (2006): 1444–1447.

Lundh A. Barbateskovic M. Hrobjartsson A. Gotzche P. C. , “Conflicts of Interest at Medical Journals: The Influence of Industry-Supported Randomised Trials on Journal Impact Factors and Revenue – Cohort Study,” PLoS Medicine 7, no. 10 (2011): e1000354.

Marcovitch H. , “Editors, Publishers, Impact Factors, and Reprint Income,” PLoS Medicine 7, no. 10 (2010); e1000355.

Joelving F. , “Financial Transparency Skin-deep at Medical Journals,” Reuters Health, June 8, 2011, available at <http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-medicaljournals-conflicts-idUSTRE75761520110608>(last visited July 25, 2012).

“Editors Not Immune,” Reuters Health, June 8, 2011, <http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-financial-transparency-sidebar-idUSTRE7574YR20110608>(last visited July 25, 2012).

Lanier W. L. , “Bidirectional Conflicts of Interest Involving Industry and Medical Journals: Who Will Champion Integrity?” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 9 (2009): 771–775.

Smith J. , “Should Journals Sell Reprints? Yes,” BMJ 343 (2011): d6428.

Jefferson T. , “Should Journals Sell Reprints? No,” BMJ 343 (2011): D6448.

Wong V. S. Callaham M. L. , “Medical Journal Editors Lacked Familiarity with Scientific Publication Issues Despite Training and Regular Exposure,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 65, no. 3 (2012): 247–252.

Relman A. S. , “Dealing with Conflicts of Interest,” New England Journal of Medicine 310, no. 18 (1984): 1182–1183.

Kassirer J. P. Angell M. , “Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research,” New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 8 (1993): 570–571.

Relman A. S. , “New ‘Information for Authors’ – and Readers,” New England Journal of Medicine 323, no. 1 (1990): 56.

Angell M. Kassirer J. P. , “Editorials and Conflicts of Interest,” New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 14 (1996): 1055–1056.

Drazen J. M. Curfman G. D. , “Financial Associations of Authors,” New England Journal of Medicine 346, no. 24 (2002): 1901–1902.

Lo B. Field M. J. , eds., Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009): At 46–47.

Steinbrook R. , “Controlling Conflict of Interest – Proposals from the Institute of Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 21 (2009): 2160–2163.

Thompson D. F. , “Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest,” New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 8 (1993): 573–576.

See Lo, supra note 11, at 47.

Loewenstein G. Sah S. Cain D. M. , “The Unintended Consequences of Conflict of Interest Disclosure,” JAMA 307, no. 7 (2012): 669–670.

Cain D. M. Loewenstein G. Moore D. A. , “The Dirt on Coming Clean: Perverse Effects of Disclosing Conflicts of Interest,” Journal of Legal Studies 34, no. 1 (2005): 1–25.

Rosenthal E. , “I Disclose…Nothing,” New York Times, January 22, 2012: SR1.

Cosgrove L. Krimsky S. , “A Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Panel Members' Financial Associations with Industry: A Pernicious Problem Persists,” PLoS Medicine 9, no. 3 (2012): e1001190;

The PLoS Medicine Editors, “Does Conflict of Interest Disclosure Worsen Bias?” PLoS Medicine 9, no.4 (2012): e1001210.

Steinbrook R. Kassirer J. P. , “Data Availability for Industry Sponsored Trials: What Should Medical Journals Require?” BMJ 341 (2010): C5391.

See Kesselheim, supra note 6.

See <www.icmje.org>(last visited August 16, 2012).

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication,” available at <http://www.icmje.org>(last visited August 21, 2012).

For example, see World Association of Medical Editors, “Conflict of Interest in Peer-Reviewed Medical Journals,” available at <http://www.wame.org/resources/publication-ethics-policies-for-medical-journals>(last visited July 25, 2012);

Scott-Lichter D. and the Editorial Policy Committee, Council of Science Editors, “CSE's White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications,” Reston, VA, available at <http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3313>(last visited July 25, 2012);

Committee on Publication Ethics, “Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors,” available at <http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines>(last visited July 25, 2012);

Committee on Publication Ethics, “Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers,” available at <http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines>(last visited August 21, 2012).

Goozner M. Caplan A. Moreno J. Kramer B. S. Babor T. F. Husser W. C. , “A Common Standard for Conflict of Interest Disclosure in Addiction Journals,” Addiction 104, no 11 (2009): 1779–1784.

See International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, supra note 17.

See <http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf>(last visited August 16, 2012).

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, “ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest,” available, at <http://www.icmje.org>(last visited July 24, 2012);

Drazen J. M. de Leeuw P. W. Laine C. , “Toward More Uniform Conflict Disclosures: The Updates ICMJE Conflict of Interest Reporting Form,” available at <http://www.icmje.org>(last visited July 26, 2012).

Drazen J. M. Van Der Weyden M. B. Sahni P. , “Uniform Format for Disclosure of Competing Interests in ICMJE Journals,” available at <http://www.icmje.org/update.html>(last visited July 24, 2012).

Blum J. A. Freeman K. Dart R. C. Cooper R. J. , “Requirements and Definitions in Conflict of Interest Policies of Medical Journals,” JAMA 302, no. 20 (2009): 2230–2234.

Kesselheim A. S. Lee J. L. Avorn J. Servi A. Shrank W. H. Choudhry N. K. , “Conflict of Interest in Oncology Publications: A Survey of Disclosure Policies and Statements,” Cancer 118, no. 1 (2012): 188–195.

Okike K. Kocher M. S. Wei E.X. Mehlman C. T. Bhandari M. , “Accuracy of Conflict-of-Interest Disclosures Reported by Physicians,” New England Journal of Medicine 361, no. 15 (2009): 1466–1474.

Chimonas S. Frosch Z. Rothman D. J. , “From Disclosure to Transparency: The Use of Company Payment Data,” Archives of Internal Medicine 171, no. 1 (2011): 81–86.

Kesselheim A. S. Wang B. Studdert D. M. Avorn J. , “Conflict of Interest Reporting by Authors Involved in Promotion of Of-Label Drug Use: An Analysis of Journal Disclosures,” PLoS Medicine 9, no. 8 (2012): e1001280.

Weinfurt K. P. Seils D. M. Tzeng J.P. Lin L. Schulman K. A. Califf R. M. , “Consistency of Financial Interest Disclosures in the Biomedical Literature: The Case of Coronary Stents,” PLoS ONE 3, no. 5 (2008): e2128.

Hirsch L. J. , “Conflicts of Interest, Authorship, and Disclosures in Industry-Related Scientific Publications: The Tort Bar and Editorial Oversight of Medical Journals,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 9 (2009): 811–821.

Letters to the Editor, “Conflict of Interest, Authorship, and Disclosures in Industry-Related Scientific Publications,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 85, no. 2 (2010): 196–205.

Ju B. L. Miller C. P. Whang P. G. Grauer J. N. , “Quantifying the Variability of Financial Disclosure Information Reported by Authors Presenting at Annual Spine Conferences,” Spine Journal 11, no. 1 (2011): 1–8.

Jegede K. Whang P. Grauer J. N. , “Substantial Variation in the Interpretation of Financial Disclosure Policies for Orthopaedic Society Meetings,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 93, no. 13 (2011): e75.

Forbes T. L. , “Author Disclosure of Conflict of Interest in Vascular Surgery Journals,” Journal of Vascular Surgery 54, no. 3 (2011): 55S–58S.

Slagle E. Sinacore J. Brubaker L. , “Conflict of Interest Disclosure in Obstetrics & Gynecology,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 118, no. 5 (2011): 1108–1110.

Khurana G. Henderson S. Walter G. Martin A. “Conflict of Interest and Disclosure Policies in Psychiatry and Medicine: A Comparative Study of Peer-Reviewed Journals,” Academic Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (2012): 17–22;

see Joelving , supra note 7.

See Blum, supra note 22.

See Kesselheim Lee , supra note 22.

See Okike, supra note 22.

See Chimonas, supra note 22.

See Kesselheim Wang , supra note 22.

Braunwald E. , “Differences in an Author's Conflict of Interest Disclosures,” JAMA 307, no. 6 (2012): 561.

Bauchner H. Fontanarosa P. B. , “Update on JAMA's Policies on Conflicts of Interest, Trial Registration, Embargo and Data Timeliness, Access, and Analysis,” JAMA 308, no. 2 (2012): 186–188.

Steinbrook R. Ross J. S. , “‘Transparency Reports’ on Industry Payments to Physicians and Teaching Hospitals,” JAMA 307, no. 10 (2012): 1029–1030.

See <projects.propublica.org/docdollars> (last visited August 16, 2012).

See <www.pharmashine.com>(last visited August 16, 2012).

See Bauchner , supra note 29.

Carragee E. J. Hurwitz E. L. Weiner B. K. Bono C. M. Rothman D. J. , “Future Directions for The Spine Journal: Managing and Reporting Conflict of Interest Issues,” Spine Journal 11, no. 8 (2011): 695–697.

Rosen C. D. , “It's Not about the Money,” Spine Journal 11, no. 8 (2011): 700–702.

Smith R. , “Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies,” PLoS Medicine 2, no. 5 (2005): e138.

Angell M. , “Industry-Sponsored Clinical Research: A Broken System,” JAMA 300, no. 9 (2008): 1069–1071.

See International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, supra note 17.

See Steinbrook, supra note 14.

See Drazen, supra note 10.

Kassirer J. P. , “What the New England Journal of Medicine Did,” BMJ 343 (2011): D5665.

Godlee F. , “Turning the Tide on Conflicts of Interest,” BMJ 343 (2011): D5147.

Siwek J. , “American Family Physician has Prohibited Using Editorialists with Industry Ties For Over 20 Years,” BMJ 343 (2011): D5651.

BMJ, “Editorial Staff,” available at <http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/editorial-staf>(last visited July 25, 2012);

PloS Medicine, “Competing Interests of the PLoS Medicine Editors,” available at <http://www.plosmedicine.org/static/editorsInterests.action>(last visited July 25, 2012).

See Lundh , supra note 7.

Handel A. E. Patel S. V. Pakpoor J. Ebers G. C. Goldacre B. Ramagopalan S. V. , “High Reprint Orders in Medical Journals and Pharmaceutical Industry Funding: Case-Control Study,” BMJ 344 (2012): e4212.

The PLoS Medicine Editors, “Increased Responsibility and Transparency in an Era of Increased Visibility,” PLoS Medicine 7, no. 10 (2010): e1000364;

BMJ Group, “Revenue Sources,” available at <http://group.bmj.com/group/about/revenue-sources>(last visited July 24, 2012);

BMJ Group, “BMJ Group Advertising and Sponsorship Policy,” available at <http://group.bmj.com/group/advertising/policy>(last visited July 26, 2012).

See Carragee, supra note 34.

American Medical Student Association, “AMSA PharmFree Scorecard, 2011–2012, Executive Summary, Updated March 7, 2012,” available at <http://www.amsascorecard.org/executive-summary>(last visited July 26, 2012).