The COVID-19 pandemic may have substantially impacted adolescents’ mental health. Therefore, this study aims to assess the influence of exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) and demographic variables on adolescents’ self-esteem. A cross-sectional approach was used in this study. The sample consisted of 214 adolescents from different areas in Kerala, India, who completed the Cooper Smith Self-Esteem and Child Exposure to Domestic Violence questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and an independent t-test. Results indicated that exposure to parental IPV and demographic variables such as parents’ education, occupation, and family income significantly predict self-esteem in adolescents. Moreover, high exposure to parental IPV may cause low self-esteem in adolescents. School and family-based online interventions are needed to protect IPV-affected adolescents and enhance their self-esteem.
AlaggiaRDonohueM (2018) Take these broken wings and learn to fly: applying resilience concepts to practice with children and youth exposed to intimate partner violence. Smith College Studies in Social Work88(1): 20–38.
3.
AnithaAVenusM (2016) Exposure to violence among adolescents in families with domestic violence. Rajagiri Journal of Social Development8(2): 34–45.
4.
AttanasioOBlundellRContiG, et al. (2020) Inequality in socio-emotional skills: a cross-cohort comparison. Journal of Public Economics191: 104171.
5.
AzarAMirshekarPAsadibidmeshkiE (2010) Prevalence of anxiety and its relationship with self-esteem among Zabol University students, Iran. Educational Research1: 140–144.
6.
BalaN (2010) The impact of domestic violence on children’s self-esteem. Psychology of Violence1: 159–170.
7.
BanduraAAdamsNEBeyerJ (1977) Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology35(3): 125–139.
8.
Białecka-PikulMStępień-NyczMSikorskaI, et al. (2019) Change and consistency of self-esteem in early and middle adolescence in the context of school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence48(8): 1605–1618.
9.
BowlbyJ (1969) Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.
10.
BrassardATourignyMDugalC, et al. (2020) Child maltreatment and polyvictimization as predictors of intimate partner violence in women from the general population of Quebec. Violence against Women26(11): 1305–1323.
11.
BreidingMBasileKSmithS, et al. (2016) Intimate partner violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Technical Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://ncvc.dspacedirect.org/handle/20.500.11990/315
12.
Buyukgoze-KavasA (2009) Self-esteem and health-risk behaviors among Turkish late adolescents. Adolescents44(173): 8449.
13.
CameranesiMPiotrowskiCC (2018) Self-esteem in children exposed to intimate partner violence: a critical review of the role of sibling relationships and agenda for future research. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma11(3): 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0180-x
14.
CarlsonJVoithLBrownJC, et al. (2019) Viewing children’s exposure to intimate partner violence through a developmental, social-ecological, and survivor lens: the current state of the field, challenges, and future directions. Violence against Women25(1): 6–28.
15.
CarracedoSFariñaFUniversity of Vigo SeijoD, et al. (2018) Children exposed to intimate partner violence: impact assessment and guidelines for intervention. Revista de Psicología Clínica Con Niños y Adolescentes5(3): 16–22.
16.
ChenCY-CByrneEVélezT (2022) Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with school-aged children in the United States: roles of income level and race. Journal of Family Issues43(3): 719–740.
17.
Cooper SmithS (2002) Revised Coopersmith self-esteem inventory manual. Redwood City: Mind Garden.
18.
DamotaMD (2019) The relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement among Addis Ababa university undergraduate psychology students. Journal of Education and Practice10(4): 3.
19.
DeckerMRLatimoreADYasutakeS, et al. (2015) Gender-based violence against adolescent and young adult women in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Adolescent Health56(2): 188–196.
20.
DhanalakshmiNMuthumariP (2019) Levels of self-esteem, stress and coping strategies among adolescent girls at selected schools, Vellore. International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management7(2): 153–158.
21.
EdgarPPowellRJWatkinsD, et al. (1974) An analysis of the Coopersmith self-esteem inventory: a discussion of two studies. Australian Psychologist9(3): 52–63.
22.
EdlesonJLShinNJohnson ArmendarizKK (2008) Measuring children’s exposure to domestic violence: the development and testing of the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale. Children and Youth Services Review30(5): 502–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.11.006
23.
EgwurugwuJNOhamaemeMCDikeEI, et al. (2017) Assessment of socio-demographic factors and self-esteem among Imo State University Medical Students, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research24(4): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMMR/2017/37041
24.
El-SheikhMSAbdel-HadyRFAliHH, et al. (2021) Influence of socio-demographic background on the self-esteem of secondary schools’ adolescent girls. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology25: 5140–5157.
25.
FogartyAWoolhouseHGialloR, et al. (2019) Promoting resilience and well-being in children exposed to intimate partner violence: a qualitative study with mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect95: 104039.
26.
Haj-YahiaMMSokarSHassan-AbbasN, et al. (2019) The relationship between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms in young adulthood: the mediating role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect92: 126–138.
27.
HosogiMOkadaAFujiiC, et al. (2012) Importance and usefulness of evaluating self-esteem in children. Biopsychosocial Medicine6: 9.
28.
JankowiakBJaskulskaSSanz-BarberoB, et al. (2021) Will I like myself if you hurt me? Experiences of violence and adolescents’ self-esteem. Sustainability13(21): 11620.
KidmanRPiccoloLRKohlerHP (2020) Adverse Childhood Experiences: Prevalence and Association With Adolescent Health in Malawi. American Journal of Preventive Medicine58(2): 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.028
31.
KrishnakumarAVermaS (2021) Understanding domestic violence in India during COVID-19: a routine activity approach. Asian Journal of Criminology16(1): 19–35.
32.
MajiSBansodSSinghT (2021) Domestic violence during COVID-19 pandemic: the case for Indian women. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology32: 374–381.
33.
NairVSBanerjeeD (2021) “Crisis within the walls”: rise of intimate partner violence during the pandemic, Indian perspectives. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health2: 614310.
PatelARWeobongBPatelVH, et al. (2019) Psychological treatments for depression among women experiencing intimate partner violence: findings from a randomized controlled trial for behavioral activation in Goa, India. Archives of Women’s Mental Health22(6): 779–789.
36.
PeitzmeierSMKågestenAAcharyaR, et al. (2016) Intimate partner violence perpetration among adolescent males in disadvantaged neighborhoods globally. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine59(6): 696–702.
37.
PerneboK (2018) Children in Group Interventions after Exposure to Violence toward a Caregiver—Google Search. Available at: https://www.google.com/search
RiddellCNeumannKSantaulariaN, et al. (2022) Excess Google searches for child abuse and intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: infoveillance approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research24: e36445.
42.
RodeDRodeMMarganskiAJ, et al. (2019) The impact of physical abuse & exposure to parental IPV on young adolescents in Poland: a clinical assessment and comparison of psychological outcomes. Journal of Family Violence34(5): 435–447.
43.
RomeESMillerE (2020) Intimate partner violence in the adolescent. Pediatrics in Review41(2): 73–80.
44.
Rosser-LimiñanaASuriá-MartínezRMateo PérezMÁ (2020) Children exposed to intimate partner violence: association among battered mothers’ parenting competences and children’s behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health17(4): 1134.
ShenAC-T (2009) Self-esteem of young adults experiencing interparental violence and child physical maltreatment: parental and peer relationships as mediators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence24(5): 770–794.
47.
SumiartiAPuspitawatiH (2017) The relationship between domestic violence, social support, and self esteem of women victims. Journal of Family Sciences2(2): 34.
48.
TajeddiniR (2014) Emotional intelligence and self esteem among Indian and foreign students – A comparative study. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention3(6): 16–25.
49.
TrzesniewskiKHDonnellanMBMoffittTE, et al. (2006) Low self-esteem during adolescence predicts poor health, criminal behavior, and limited economic prospects during adulthood. Developmental Psychology42(2): 381–390.
50.
VoraMMalatheshBCDasS, et al. (2020) India: domestic violence against women. Asian Journal of Psychiatry17: 102227.
51.
WangM-THenryDADel ToroJ, et al. (2021) COVID-19 employment status, dyadic family relationships, and child psychological well-being. The Journal of Adolescent Health69(5): 705–712.
