Some of the recent developments in sample survey methodology that are relevant to marketing research are reviewed. These innovations, all involving probability sampling, concern (1) methods of minimizing the total survey error, (2) methods of estimating the sampling errors in complex surveys, (3) more efficient methods of sampling from complex frames, (4) the selection of telephone household samples, and (5) methods to protect the privacy of respondents and increase response validity. These innovations are described in terms of actual methods and potential applications.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersenRonald, KasperJudith, and FrankelMartin R.Total Survey Error: Bias and Random Error in Health Survey Estimates. Prepublication manuscript, CHAS, The University of Chicago.
2.
Audits & Surveys Co., Inc. “The Audience of 5 Magazines.” New York: Newsweek, September 1962.
3.
BortnerBruce Z. and AssaelHenry. “Continuous Tracking Studies via WATS Lines and Personal Interviewing,” presented at Annual Conference of the Advertising Research Foundation, New York, 1967.
4.
BoruchRobert F. “Maintaining Confidentiality in Educational Research: A Systematic Analysis,” American Psychologist, 26 (1971), 413–30
5.
BrysonMaurice. “The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth,” The American Statistician, 30 (November 1976), 184–5.
6.
CochranW. G. “Two Recent Areas of Sample Survey Research,” in SrivastavaJ. N., ed., A Survey of Sample Design and Linear Models.Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1975, 101–15.
7.
CooperSanford L. “Random Sampling by Telephones: A New and Improved Method,” Journal of Marketing Research, 1 (November 1964), 45–58.
8.
DemingW. Edwards. Sample Design in Business Research.New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.
9.
DutkaSolomon and FrankelLester R.Let's Not Forget About Response Error, Modern Marketing Series No. 12. New York: Audits & Surveys, Inc., 1976.
10.
FrankelLester R. “The Role of Accuracy and Precision of Response in Sample Surveys,” inJohnsonNorman and SmithHarryJr., eds., New Developments in Survey Sampling.New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1969.
11.
FrankelMartin R.Inference From Survey Samples.Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 1971.
12.
GlasserGerald J. and MetzgerGale D. “Random-Digit Dialing as a Method of Telephone Sampling,” Journal of Marketing Research, 9 (February 1972), 59–64.
13.
GlasserGerald J. and MetzgerGale D. “National Estimates of Nonlisted Telephone Households and Their Characteristics,” Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (August 1975), 359–61.
14.
GoodmanLeo A. “Snowball Sampling,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 32 (1961), 148–70.
15.
GreenbergBernard G., AbernathyJames R., and HorvitzDaniel G. “Application of Randomized Response Technique in Obtaining Quantitative Data,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, August 1969, 40–3.
16.
GrovesRobert M. “An Empirical Comparison of Two Telephone Designs,” prepublication manuscript, Survey Research Center, The University of Michigan, January 1977.
17.
HansenMorris H., KishLeslie, et al. “Discussion on the Invited and Contributed Papers,” International Statistical Review, 44 (August 1976), 227.
18.
HooperC. E. “The Coincidental Method of Measuring Radio Audience Size,” inBlaukenshipAlbert B., ed., How to Conduct Consumer and Opinion Research.New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946, 156–71.
19.
HorvitzDaniel G., ShahB. V., and SimmonsWalt R. “The Unrelated Question Randomized Response Model,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 1967, 65–72.
20.
HorvitzDaniel G., GreenbergBernard G., and AbernathyJames R. “Randomized Response: A Data Gathering Device for Sensitive Questions,” International Statistical Review, 44 (August 1976), 181–96.
21.
JaffeRichard D. Personal correspondence, November 1976.
22.
KishLeslie. Survey Sampling.New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965.
23.
KishLeslie. and FrankelMartin R. “Balanced Repeated Replication for Standard Errors,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (1970), 1071–94.
24.
KishLeslie. and FrankelMartin R. “Inference From Complex Samples,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B36 (1974), 1–37.
25.
LandonE. L. and BanksS. K. “Relative Efficiency of Plus-One Telephone Sampling,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (August 1977).
26.
McCarthyPhilip J. “Pseudo-Replication: Half Samples,” Review of the International Statistical Institute, 37 (1969), 239–64.
27.
MahalanobisP. C. “On Large-Scale Sample Surveys,” Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, B231 (1964) 329–451.
28.
NathanGad. “An Empirical Study of Response and Sampling Errors for Multiplicity Estimates with Different Counting Rules,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 71 (December 1976), 808–15.
29.
CompanyA. C. Nielsen. Total Telephone Frame, brochure, Chicago, 1976.
30.
PalitCharles. Personal correspondence, 1976.
31.
PearlRobert P. and LevineDaniel B. “A New Methodology for a Consumer Expenditure Survey,” Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, August 1971, 254–9.
32.
PiperLanny L. and ChromyJames R. “Design Effects for Alphabetic Cluster Samples,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 1975, 596–600.
33.
RichClyde L. “Is Random Digit Dialing Really Necessary?” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (August 1977).
34.
SirkenMonroe G. “Household Surveys with Multiplicity,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (March 1970), 257–66.
35.
SirkenMonroe G. “The Counting Rule Strategy in Sample Surveys,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 1974, 119–23.
36.
StephanFrederick F. “Practical Problems of Sampling Procedure,” American Sociological Review, 1 (1936), 569–80.
37.
SudmanSeymour. “The Uses of Telephone Directories for Survey Sampling,” Journal of Marketing Research, 10 (May 1973), 204–7.
38.
TeppingBenjamin J. “The Estimation of Variance in Complex Surveys,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 1968.
39.
Trendex, Inc. “A Comparison of Phone Book Samples and Random Digit Dialing Samples,” Annual Conference of the Advertising Research Foundation, New York, 1976.
40.
TukeyJohn W. “Bias and Confidence in Not-Quite Large Samples: Abstract,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 29 (1958), 614
41.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.Response Errors in Collection of Expenditures Data by Household Interviews: An Experimental Study, Technical Paper No. 11. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.
42.
WaksbergJoseph. “Sampling Methods for Random Digit Dialing,” submitted for publication in Journal of the American Statistical Association.
43.
WarnerStanley L. “Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60 (March 1965), 63–9.
44.
WoodruffRalph S. “A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66 (June 1971), 411–4.
45.
WoodruffRalph S. and CauseyBeverley D. “Computerized Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimator,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 71 (June 1976), 315–21.