The aim of this study is to examine the factor structure of Turkish version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and to analyze its psychometric properties through the bifactor-ESEM framework. Using a convenience sample of 1124 Turkish adults, seven different models were tested. The results supported the superiority of a bifactor-ESEM solution that included three specific factors (family, friends, and significant others) and a general factor. In addition, bifactor indices showed that the general factor of MSPSS is not strong enough and its multidimensional structure is supported. For the bifactor-ESEM model, strict measurement invariance was achieved according to the gender variable. Our results supported convergent validity for the general and specific factors of the MSPSS, which were found to be associated with measures of distress, loneliness, and resilience. As a result, MSPSS is a valid and reliable measurement tool with its bifactor-ESEM model.
AkhtarA.RahmanA.HusainM.ChaudhryI. B.DudduV.HusainN. (2010). Multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Psychometric properties in a South Asian population. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 36(4), 845–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01204.x
2.
AlexeD. I.SandoviciA.RobuV.BurgueñoR.TohăneanD. I.LarionA. C.AlexeC. I. (2021). Measuring perceived social support in elite athletes: Psychometric properties of the Romanian version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(3), 1197–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211005235
3.
AlobaO.OpakunleT.OgunrinuO. (2019). Psychometric characteristics and measurement invariance across genders of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) among Nigerian adolescents. Health Psychology Report, 7(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2019.82629
4.
AltunY.ÖzenM.KuloğluM. M. (2019). Psikolojik Sıkıntı Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 23–31.
5.
AsparouhovT.MuthénB. O. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
6.
BarreraM. (2000). Social support research in community psychology. In RappaportJ.SeidmanE. (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 215–245). Kluwer Academic/Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_10
7.
BaşolG. (2008). Validity and reliability of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support-revised, with a Turkish sample. Social Behavior and Personality: An international Journal, 36(10), 1303–1313. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1303
8.
BurrisM.KihlstromL.ArceK. S.PrendergastK.DobbinsJ.McGrathE.RendaA.ShannonE.CordierT.SongY.HimmelgreenD.HimmelgreenD. (2021). Food insecurity, loneliness, and social support among older adults. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 16(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2019.1595253
9.
BuzJ.Pérez-ArechaederraD. (2014). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Spanish version of the 11-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(9), 1553–1564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214000507
10.
Calderón GarridoC.FerrandoP. J.Lorenzo SevaU.Gómez SánchezD.Fernández MontesA.Palacín LoisM.Jiménez FonsecaP. (2021). Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) in cancer patients: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance. Psicothema, 33(1), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.263
11.
Campbell‐SillsL.SteinM. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the connor–davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC): Validation of a 10‐item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
12.
Canty-MitchellJ.ZimetG. D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in urban adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005109522457
13.
CartwrightA. V.PioneR. D.StonerC. R.SpectorA. (2022). Validation of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) for family caregivers of people with dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 26(2), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1857699
14.
ÇavdarD.BağcıV.ÇorbacıE. C.SarıtaşS.Taşdelen-YayvakM. K. (2015). Adaptation of De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale into Turkish. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(9), 84–92.
15.
ChenY.HuangX.ZhangC.AnY.LiangY.YangY.LiuZ. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in China. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 80. Article 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03076-7
16.
ChengS. T.ChanA. C. (2004). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1359–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.006
17.
CheungG. W.RensvoldR. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
18.
ChouK. L. (2000). Assessing Chinese adolescent’s social support: The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00098-7
19.
CobbC. L.XieD. (2015). Structure of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for undocumented hispanic immigrants. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(2), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986315577894
20.
CohenS. (1992). Stress, social support, and disorder. In VeielH. O. F.BaumannU. (Eds.), The meaning and measurement of social support (pp. 109–124). Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
21.
ConnorK. M.DavidsonJ. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
DambiJ. M.CortenL.ChiwaridzoM.JackH.MlamboT.JelsmaJ. (2018). A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the cross-cultural translations and adaptations of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 16(1), AB195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0912-0
24.
De BardiS.LorenzoniG.GregoriD. (2016). Social support to elderly pacemaker patients improves device acceptance and quality of life. European Geriatric Medicine, 7(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2016.02.001
25.
DourH. J.WileyJ. F.Roy-ByrneP.SteinM. B.SullivanG.SherbourneC. D.BystritskyA.RoseR. D.CraskeM. G. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 31(5), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22216
26.
EdwardsL. M. (2004). Measuring perceived social support in Mexican American youth: Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986304264374
27.
EkbäckM.BenzeinE.LindbergM.ÅrestedtK. (2013). The Swedish version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support ( MSPSS ) - a psychometric evaluation study in women with hirsutism and nursing students. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 168. Article 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-168
28.
EkerD.ArkarH. (1995). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirlig˘ i. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 45–55.
29.
EkerD.ArkarH.YaldızH. (2001). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17–25.
30.
FengD.SuS.WangL.LiuF. (2018). The protective role of self‐esteem, perceived social support and job satisfaction against psychological distress among Chinese nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12523
31.
HaberM. G.CohenJ. L.LucasT.BaltesB. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1-2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
32.
HairJ.BlackW. C.BabinB. J.AndersonR. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
33.
HeaneyC. A.IsraelB. A. (2008). Social networks and social support. In GlazK.RimerB. K.ViswanathK. (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 189–210). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
34.
HelgesonV. S. (1993). Two important distinctions in social support: Kind of support and perceived vs received. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(10), 825–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01008.x
35.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
36.
Jong-GierveldJ.KamphuisF. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307
JoshanlooM. (2016). A new look at the factor structure of the MHC‐SF in Iran and the United States using exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(7), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22287
39.
KayaF.OdaciH. (2021). The adaptation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale short form into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 18(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.5152/hayef.2021.20029
40.
KesslerR. C.AndrewsG.ColpeL. J.HiripiE.MroczekD. K.NormandS. L.ZaslavskyA. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
41.
KimM.YeomH. E.JungM. S. (2022). Validation and psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support among Korean breast cancer survivors. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 9(4), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjon.2022.01.004
42.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
43.
KongL.FangM.MaT.LiG.YangF.MengQ.LiP. (2018). Positive affect mediates the relationships between resilience, social support and posttraumatic growth of women with infertility. Psychology Health & Medicine, 23(6), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1447679
44.
KongL. N.ZhangN.YuanC.YuZ. Y.YuanW.ZhangG. L. (2021). Relationship of social support and health-related quality of life among migrant older adults: The mediating role of psychological resilience. Geriatric Nursing, 42(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.10.019
45.
LiC. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
46.
MaleckiC. K.DemarayM. K. (2003). What type of support do they need? Investigating student adjustment as related to emotional, informational, appraisal, and instrumental support. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(3), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.18.3.231.22576
47.
MaleckiC. K.DemarayM. K.ElliottS. N.NoltenP. W. (1999). The child and adolescent social support scale. Northern Illinois University. https://doi.org/10.1037/t57891-000
48.
MarshH. W.HauK. T.WenZ. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesistesting approaches to cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
49.
MarshH. W.MuthénB.AsparouhovT.LüdtkeO.RobitzschA.MorinA. J.TrautweinU. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students’ evaluations of university teaching. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 439–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008220
50.
MatzkaM.MayerH.Köck-HódiS.Moses-PassiniC.DubeyC.JahnP.EicherM. (2016). Relationship between resilience, psychological distress and physical activity in cancer patients: A cross-sectional observation study. PLoS One, 11(4), Article e0154496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154496
51.
McDonaldR. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
52.
Merino-SotoC.Boluarte CarbajalA.Toledano-ToledanoF.NaborsL. A.Núñez-BenítezM. Á. (2022). A new story on the multidimensionality of the MSPSS: Validity of the internal structure through bifactor ESEM. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020935
53.
MorinA. J. S.ArensA.MarshH. W. (2016). A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework for the identification of distinct sources of construct-relevant psychometric multidimensionality. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 116–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.961800
54.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide. Author.
55.
NickE. A.ColeD. A.ChoS. J.SmithD. K.CarterT. G.ZelkowitzR. L. (2018). The online social support scale: Measure development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 30(9), 1127–1143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000558
56.
OsmanA.LamisD. A.FreedenthalS.GutierrezP. M.McNaughton-CassillM. (2014). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Analyses of internal reliability, measurement invariance, and correlates across gender. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.838170
57.
PratiG.PietrantoniL. (2010). The relation of perceived and received social support to mental health among first responders: A meta‐analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20371
58.
ReiseS. P.BonifayW. E.HavilandM. G. (2013a). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
59.
ReiseS. P.ScheinesR.WidamanK. F.HavilandM. G. (2013b). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412449831
60.
RodriguezA.ReiseS. P.HavilandM. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
61.
SantiagoP. H. R.QuinteroA.HaagD.RobertsR.SmithersL.JamiesonL. (2021). Drop-the-p: Bayesian CFA of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in Australia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 542257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.542257
62.
SarasonI. G.LevineH. M.BashamR. B.SarasonB. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.127
SchulzU.SchwarzerR. (2003). Social support in coping with illness: The Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS) [Soziale Unterstützung bei der Krankheitsbewältigung. Die Berliner Social Support Skalen (BSSS)]. Diagnostica, 49(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.49.2.73
TianX.GaoQ.LiG.ZouG.LiuC.KongL.LiP. (2016). Resilience is associated with low psychological distress in renal transplant recipients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.12.004
68.
TonsingK.ZimetG. D.TseS. (2012). Assessing social support among South Asians: The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.012
69.
TonsingK. N. (2022). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support among resettled Burmese in the United States. British Journal of Social Work, 52(7), 4077–4088. bcac036. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac036
70.
UchinoB. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
71.
VenuleoC.MarinaciT.MossiP. (2021). Problem gambling among older people. An Italian study on habits, representations, levels of engagement and psychosocial determinants. Journal of Gambling Issues, 47, 79–107. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2021.47.3
72.
WillsT. A.ShinarO. (2000). Measuring perceived and received social support. In CohenS.GordonL.GottliebB. (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 86–135). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0004.
73.
WongpakaranT.WongpakaranN.RuktrakulR. (2011). Reliability and validity of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS): Thai version. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 7(1), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901107010161
74.
WuM.YangY.ZhangD.ZhaoX.SunY.XieH.LiY. (2018). Association between social support and health-related quality of life among Chinese rural elders in nursing homes: The mediating role of resilience. Quality of Life Research, 27(3), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1730-2
75.
YasinA. S.DzulkifliM. A. (2010). The relationship between social support and psychological problems among students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 110–116.
76.
YeZ. J.QiuH. Z.LiP. F.ChenP.LiangM. Z.LiuM. L.QuanX. M. (2017). Validation and application of the Chinese version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) among parents of children with cancer diagnosis. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 27, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.01.004
77.
ZimetG. D.DahlemN. W.ZimetS. G.FarleyG. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
78.
ZimetG. D.PowellS. S.FarleyG. K.WerkmanS.BerkoffK. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_17
