Exile as Protest: Artemio Ricarte

This article provides an analysis of the factors behind the various exile experiences of General Artemio Ricarte, who in his lifetime fought against the Spanish and American colonizers. It was during the American rule that he chose a life of exile rather than to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. His place in Philippine history, however, has been clouded by his association with the Japanese Occupation forces during World War II. Ricarte's role and place in the fight for Philippine independence, the influence of his exile on resistance movements, his motivations for supporting the Japanese, the impact of his return to the Philippines, and his realization of the destructive impact of Japanese occupation on the Filipino people are detailed in the article.