User perspectives on library digitization and its impact on research capabilities

Abstract

This study assessed user perspectives on library digitization and its impact on research capabilities. A survey design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents whereas purposive sampling was used to select key informants. Data were collected using online questionnaires and interviews. MS Excel was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic method. Findings show that the majority of the respondents utilize library resources frequently with statistical analysis (MS = 0.387998, t = −1.45939, p < 0.146074) indicating there is no significant difference between education level and the frequency of library resources usage. Also, the majority of respondents have positive perceptions towards the use of library resources with t-statistic (6.599663291, is above 1.649982976 for one-tail and 1.967956506 for two-tail) indicating a significant difference between age and perceptions towards the use of library resources. Moreover, findings show capacity of a single document to be used by many users at once and information to be accessed at a fingerprint are major impacts of library digitization. Furthermore, findings reveal issues related to licensing, subscription costs, and copyright and overwhelming volume of information available as the major challenges user face when utilizing digital library resources. This study marks the pioneering exploration into the impacts of library digitization on research capabilities. The study therefore, recommends a continuous training to students to be able to access and critically evaluate the overwhelming amount of online information. Also, users should be trained on how to navigate copyright issues when accessing digital library resources. Additionally, libraries should consider expanding their collections by incorporating more open access resources. Moreover, parent institutions should make sure that they increase the budget to their digital libraries so that libraries can increase the subscriptions of all useful resources.

Keywords

digitization user perspectives library digitization library resources research capabilities digital library

Introduction

In the twenty-first century, libraries particularly academic libraries have undergone a profound transformation in the way they fulfill their role in facilitating research but also access and dissemination of knowledge. This paradigm shift can be largely influenced by the rapid developments of information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Masrek & Gaskin, 2016; Soomro et al., 2018). To date, the role of libraries has shifted from traditional repositories of tangible books and documents to dynamic hubs of digital information, adapting to the changing needs of students, researchers, and the broader academic community (International Federation of Library Association and Institutions [IFLA], 2010). This shift is fundamentally revolutionized traditional approaches to teaching and research, with its core centered on the digitization of library resources (Sood, 2014; Tømte et al., 2023; Yadav et al., 2015). The widespread acceptance of digital libraries and the digitization of enormous repositories of academic content resulted in a new era of information accessibility to scholars. The impact of this digital revolution on research practices within academic institutions is a topic that has sparked significant scholarly debate (Ashraf et al., 2010; Castro, 2019; Laila et al., 2022).

Libraries are considered as the heart of any academic institution, acting as repositories of knowledge and key enablers of research and education (Simpson, 2016). Recognizing the transformative potential of digitization, libraries across the world have embarked on ambitious digitization projects to preserve and provide access to their valuable collections. The main reason for establishing digital libraries is to make information found in the libraries easily and timely accessible to its users whereas access is done over network (IFLA, 2010). Developed countries have been in the forefront of digital library advances due to their robust technological infrastructure and large financial resources. Libraries in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany have invested heavily in digitization projects, resulting in massive digital collections For example, in the United States, the Library of Congress has digitized millions of artifacts from its large collection, making them available to anybody with an internet connection (Library of Congress, 2021). Similarly, the British Library's digitization activities have made thousands of historical documents and manuscripts accessible online (The British Library, 2021). These measures have not only protected important cultural treasures but have also enabled global scholarly research.

Furthermore, developed nations have assimilated cutting-edge technologies to improve the user experience and enable discovery of knowledge. AI and machine learning algorithms are used to offer appropriate research papers and books to consumers, guaranteeing that they have easy access to the most relevant content. Individuals can now access digital libraries on a variety of devices thanks to user-friendly interfaces and mobile applications, thus democratizing access to knowledge. These technological breakthroughs have raised the bar for digital libraries around the world. Developing nations, on the other hand, have experienced distinct problems in establishing and expanding their academic digital libraries. Their progress has frequently been hampered by a lack of financial resources and an inadequate technological infrastructure. Despite these obstacles, several developing nations have made remarkable attempts to close the digital divide. For example, the African Union-supported African Digital Library (AfLi) initiative aims to give digital access to educational resources across the continent (African Union, 2021). AfLi works with local libraries and universities to digitize and exchange academic content, thereby enabling students and researchers in underprivileged communities. Furthermore, international organizations and collaborations have been critical in assisting developing-country digital library projects. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has actively promoted digital libraries as a means of improving access to education and preserving cultural heritage (UNESCO, 2021). UNESCO has fostered knowledge transfer and capacity building in developing countries through a variety of programs and initiatives.

The impact brought by the library digitization on research capabilities is unquestionable, ushering in an era of extraordinary accessibility, convenience, and efficiency for scholars (Amouzgar et al., 2022; Webb et al., 2021). As the digital environment continues to evolve, all stakeholders in academic arena, including researchers, librarians, and institutions, must be aware of all potential benefits and challenges associated with the digitization of library resources. Among the potential benefits brought by the digitization of library resources is the introduction of a wide range of types of digital library resources which helps researchers to have diversity in accessibility of academic materials (IFLA, 2010). The presence of different types of digital library resources helps researchers to have an abundance of resources at their fingertips to support their academic pursuits (Silkroad, 2013). These digital library resources cater to diverse research needs and preferences, offering users the flexibility to access information and from a multitude of sources. As the landscape of digital library resources continues to evolve, it is essential for academic libraries and information providers to adapt and ensure that these resources remain accessible, relevant, and user-friendly.

In an age characterized by the rapid dissemination of information and the global interconnectivity of societies, access to knowledge has emerged as a critical driver of socio-economic development and progress (Zeb, 2022). For many countries, the mission to bridge the knowledge gap has been a core goal in their pursuit of sustainable growth and improved living standards. In this context, digital libraries have emerged as a transformative force, offering unparalleled opportunities for individuals, institutions, and nations to access, share, and contribute to the world's collective knowledge repository (Mustapha et al., 2021; Shaikh & Nikooherafmaher, 2022). Based on this, academic libraries in Kazakhstan have digitized all their collections to increase open access but more importantly to simplify access of information to users (Kanyika & Sadykova, 2023). However, despite the widespread implementation of digitization initiatives, it is imperative to understand the multifaceted impact of these changes from the perspective of the end-users, primarily the university's students, and lecturers. Despite several studies articulating the impacts of the digitization of library resources in facilitating teaching, consultation, and research, but no study could be traced which investigated the impacts of digitization of library resources in research capabilities in Kazakhstan. This study, therefore sought to investigate user perspective on library digitization and its impact on research capabilities using Al-Farabi Kazakh National University as a case study.

Research objectives

The specific objectives of this research paper are as follows:

To assess the user perspectives awareness on the digitization of library resources.

To analyze the impact of library digitization on the research capabilities and practices of users.

To identify challenges or barriers faced by users in utilizing digitized library resources for research purposes.

Literature review

User perspectives on the library digitization

The digitization of library has brought a significant transformation on the way individuals interact with technology and access information (Gul & Bano, 2019). One of the key aspects of user perspectives on library digitization is the shift from traditional to digital formats. Library users need to adapt to these changes, from relying on physical books and printed materials to digital e-books and online articles (Tømte et al., 2023). However, it is understood that users have had mixed reactions to this shift. While some of them appreciate the convenience and accessibility of digital formats, others express nostalgia for physical books, highlighting the significance of personal attachment to tangible materials (Laila et al., 2022).

Recker (2006) conducted a study titled “Perspectives on Teachers as Digital Library Users: Consumers, Contributors, and Designers” and found that the majority of teachers as one of the key users of the digital libraries have positive perspectives towards library digitization. The study highlighted how digital libraries prove invaluable to teachers by facilitating ease of access to library resources, by furthering their content or teaching knowledge. Additionally, online resources were noted for their significant contribution to enriching classroom activities. Similarly, the study of Tammaro (2008) with the title “User perceptions of digital libraries: a case study in Italy” found that the participants expressed positive perceptions of digital libraries despite having limited awareness of the available services. Their favorable views stemmed from the ease of use of various digital library systems, showcasing the impact of user experience on their perceptions.

More so, the study of Sheeja (2010) titled “Undergraduate students’ perceptions of digital library: a case study” revealed overwhelmingly positive feedback from surveyed students. These students found digital libraries to be highly satisfactory in meeting their needs, emphasizing the ease of use and the richness of available resources. On the other hand, the study of Matusiak (2012) titled “Perceptions of usability and usefulness of digital libraries” found negative perceptions towards digital libraries among the survey participants. The study revealed the difficulty of using digital library systems and limited resources found in the digital library when comparing using the Web was among the reasons. The digitization of information and services has brought about a myriad of changes in the way users engage with technology and access information. Yet, for a digital library to thrive, it must prioritize not only user-friendliness but, crucially, comprehensive content (Toyo, 2017).

The impact of library digitization on the research capabilities

The transformation of academic libraries from traditional repositories of physical resources into dynamic hubs of digital information has had far-reaching effects on multiple fronts, influencing the accessibility and dissemination of information to users (Nneji, 2018). In the digital realm, individuals can now effortlessly and more extensively access research materials than in any previous era (Borgman, 2000). Moreover, the arrival of digital libraries has allowed library users to overcome geographical limitations whereby it also improves exchange of knowledge (Otubelu & Ume, 2015). This development not only enhances the exchange of knowledge, as noted by Otubelu and Ume, but also provides users with expansive opportunities to access resources for their projects from renowned scholars worldwide.

Initially, bygone era before the digital age, library users including researchers were obliged to physically visit libraries as a physical building to have access of specialized materials. However, in the modern era, the digitization of libraries stands out as a pivotal advancement, offering researcher's unparalleled accessibility (Turock & Friedrich, 2010). In this case, the digitization of library materials has revolutionized access, enabling scholars to retrieve materials remotely (Silkroad, 2013). This streamlined approach of accessibility not only nurtures inclusivity but also promotes interdisciplinary research by eradicating barriers to entry (Igwe & Uzuegbu, 2013). Besides, the digitization ensures round-the-clock availability of library resources, saving users from the limitations of traditional library hours and the delays of interlibrary loan. Additionally, digitization of library resources impacted researchers in the citation management, as it helps users to effortlessly store and organize enormous bibliographic collections easily (Adane et al., 2019).

Furthermore, the advent of digitized resources has not only revolutionized information access but has also facilitated seamless sharing among users across diverse locations, fostering collaborative efforts on online platforms (Igwe & Uzuegbu, 2013). Nevertheless, the digitization trend has prompted a heightened awareness regarding the preservation of born-digital materials and the long-term sustainability of digital archives. More so, users have been benefited with the ease of search and retrieval provided by digital libraries which speed up the research process, but also it empowers them to locate and access relevant materials more effectively and efficiently (Ezeani & Ezema, 2009). In the modern era, the search and retrieval of research materials has been revolutionized by digitization. The presence of advanced search algorithms, complemented by metadata tagging, contribute to heightened precision and speed in accessing and retrieving information. Consequently, the location of suitable research materials is now characterized by precision and quickness, enhancing the overall research endeavor. The fusion of full-text indexing and keyword searching further empowers users to comprehensively explore materials, uncovering previously obscured connections and insights in the process (Dhule, 2018).

Challenges or barriers faced by users in utilizing digitized library resources

The digitization of library resources leads to a new era of accessibility; however, it has also introduced numerous challenges or barriers to users which impede them to effectively access digital library resources. One of the fundamental challenges faced users is the access to digitized library resources. Despite the expanded access caused by digitization, but not all materials are available digitally. Moreover, issues related to licensing, subscription costs, and authentication seem hinder seamless access to digital collections. Licensing and copyright restrictions cause significant challenges to users seeking to utilize digitized library resources. Digital library resources most of the times are subject to copyright regulations, restricting the extent to which users can use, share, or reproduce them for research purposes (Paithankar, 2018). This issue can inhibit the exchange of scholarly knowledge and limit the ability of researchers to build upon existing works. Researchers and librarians are increasingly advocating for open access initiatives and more flexible copyright arrangements to address these barriers (Warwick et al., 2008). Navigating these legal complexities can be particularly daunting for researchers.

One of the major challenges faced users in utilizing digitized library resources for their studies and research purposes is the overwhelming volume of information available. As digital libraries continue to increase their collections, users may struggle to locate relevant resources amid the vast sea of data (Castro, 2019). Also, accessibility issues, such as unreliable internet connectivity and insufficient technological infrastructure, hinder users, especially those in resource-constrained regions, from accessing these digitized resources effectively (Toyo, 2017). In his study, Toyo emphasizes the importance of addressing these accessibility issues to ensure equitable access to digitized library resources. The explosion of digital resources has led to information overload, making it challenging for researchers to sift through vast volumes of data effectively. Users must develop information literacy skills to navigate these extensive collections efficiently (Tang & Chaw, 2016).

Users often express concerns about the privacy and security of their data when utilizing digitized library resources, especially when accessing databases and repositories that require personal information for registration or authentication (Tripathi and Jeevan, 2011). These concerns can deter users from fully engaging with digital libraries. Libraries must implement robust security measures and transparent privacy policies to build user trust and mitigate these barriers. Also, users encounter technical challenges related to the use of digitized library resources. These may include compatibility issues, platform navigation difficulties, and the need for technical support (Pal, 2015). Addressing these issues is crucial to ensuring a smooth research experience.

Another significant barrier faced by users is the need for adequate information literacy and digital skills (IFLA, 2010). Digitized library resources often require users to possess a certain level of digital literacy to navigate complex databases, search engines, and digital archives effectively (Rahman et al., 2020). As noted by Kanyika et al. (2024), students in developing countries, such as Kazakhstan, demonstrate certain digital literacy skills, such as communicating and sharing information online. However, they lack other essential digital literacy competencies, particularly the ability to critically evaluate the information they access online. Additionally, preservation challenges threaten the long-term availability of digitized materials. Users may face issues related to file format obsolescence, digital degradation, and the sustainability of digital repositories (Dappert & Farquhar, 2016). Users may encounter difficulties accessing historical materials as technologies evolve. Ensuring the preservation of digital collections is crucial for future generations of researchers. To address this issue, libraries must invest in robust preservation strategies and ensure the continuous migration of digital content to current formats.

The existing literature reviews shed light on how various studies tackle the focal issue. Yet, none of them comprehensively investigate the impact of critical factors such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions on behavioral intention and use behavior. These factors play a pivotal role in influencing users’ decisions to digital library resources for their academic pursuits and research endeavors. Consequently, this study endeavors to bridge this gap. To achieve this objective, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model serves as the theoretical framework.

Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model

This model was developed by Venkatesh et al. (2003). The aim of this model was to provide insights of how different factors could influence the use of technology. These factors are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Components of UTAUT model. Source: Venkatesh et al. (2003, p. 447).

The study operationalize that, for electronic resources within a digital library to effectively support users in their academic pursuits and research endeavors, it is imperative that users develop positive attitudes toward utilizing these resources. However, several factors contribute to this phenomenon. Firstly, performance expectancy plays a crucial role; users must perceive that employing digital resources will facilitate easier access to information, consequently enhancing their academic performance. Secondly, effort expectancy is pivotal; users are more likely to view digital resources positively if they find them user-friendly and conducive to streamlined information retrieval. Thirdly, social influence holds significance; users tend to develop positive perceptions of digital resources when they receive encouragement from peers and educators, and when these resources are frequently utilized within their academic community. Lastly, facilitating conditions are essential; users are inclined to hold favorable perceptions of digital resources when the technological infrastructure supporting them is robust. Collectively, these factors contribute to the formation of users’ behavioral intentions, ultimately leading to the active utilization of digital resources within the library. Such utilization, in turn, is indicative of users’ positive perceptions toward the digital library resources.

Methodology

The study employed a survey design. According to Creswell (2014), Gideon (2012), and Guthrie (2010), survey design is appropriate for researcher if you want to generalize or measure quantitative facts, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, characteristics, and past or current behaviors. Triangulation methods such as quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for data collection and analysis. This study was conducted at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazNU) from October to December 2023. The choice of this university was due to the fact that it is one of the leading academic and research institutions in Kazakhstan and Central Asia in general (QS University ranking, 2023). The target population in this study included all master’s and doctoral students of KazNU (5788). The study involved masters and doctoral students only because it is believed that they engaged more into research activities when compared to undergraduate students. The sample size was determined using Saunders et al.’s (2012) table and the results give 357 respondents (Table 1). Simple random sampling was used to select respondents within seven faculties (50 respondents from each faculty). Purposive sampling was used to select seven lectures (one from each faculty) for interviews. Online questionnaires were used to collect data directly from the respondents. A total of 350 online questionnaires were designed reflecting the study's objectives using Google form and sent to the respondents through their email addresses. For ethical purposes, permission was obtained from the relevant authorities before the actual fieldwork had to be done. Also, the respondents were informed about the potentiality of the study and guaranteed confidentiality to their responses. The analysis of quantitative data was done using Microsoft Office Excel 2010, whereas qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic method of analysis. The results of the analysis were computed in the form of descriptive statistics which include frequencies and percentages, and presented using graphs and tables.

Table 1.

Sample size table (confidence level = 95%; margin error = 5%).

Margin of error
Population	5%	3%	2%	1%
50	44	48	49	59
100	79	91	96	99
150	108	132	141	148
200	132	168	185	196
250	151	203	226	244
300	168	234	267	291
400	196	291	434	384
500	217	340	414	475
750	254	440	571	696
1000	278	516	706	906
2000	322	696	1091	1655
5000	357	879	1622	3288
10,000	370	964	1936	4899
100,000	383	1056	2345	8762
1,000,000	384	1066	2395	9513
10,000,000	384	1067	2400	9595

Source: Saunders et al. (2012).

Results

Response rate

The researchers distributed a total of 350 online questionnaires to the respondents. Out of 350 online questionnaires distributed to the library users that were self-administered, only 196 questionnaires were filled in and returned; giving the 56% response rate. Bryman et al. (2014) suggest that online questionnaires tend to yield lower response rates. Nevertheless, the researchers in this study express confidence that the 56% response rate suffices to provide a comprehensive overview of user perspectives on library digitization and its impacts on research capabilities.

Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Respondents were asked to indicate their gender, education level and age. Table 2 summarizes the findings.

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of the respondents (n = 196).

Item	Frequency	Percentages
Gender
Male	88	45
Female	108	55
Total	196	100
Education level
Masters	149	76
Doctoral	47	24
Total	196	100
Age
20–25 years	102	52
26–30 years	64	33
31–35 years	26	13
36 and above	4	2
Total	196	100

Source: Field Data (2023).

Findings of the study as depicted in Table 2, show that most (108; 55%) of the respondents were female compared to male (88; 45%). On the other hand, out of total 196 participated respondents, the majority (149; 76%) were studying master's degree while few (47; 24%) were studying doctorate degree. Additionally, most (102; 52%) of the respondents had age group ranged 20–25, followed by 64 (33%) respondents with age group ranged 26–30, then 26 (13%) respondents with age group ranged 31–35. Few (4; 2%) respondents had age group ranged 36 and above.

The findings presented in Table 2 show a higher participation of females compared to males. However, this predominance simply reflects that more females took part in the study, not necessarily a gender-based difference in the use of digital library resources. The usage of these resources is likely influenced by other factors, such as ICT skills. This aligns with the observations of Hong Sinh and Thi Hong Nhung (2012) and Moore (2016), who suggested that individuals with stronger ICT skills are more likely to utilize digital library resources than those with limited skills.

Frequency in using digital library of the university

The study sought to find out how often respondents use the digital library of the university to access information for their studies and research. Findings of the study show that most (107) of the respondents use university digital library frequently, while 89 respondents use university digital library occasionally.

The results (Figure 2) indicate that most (107; 55%) of the participated respondents were using university digital library more frequently when searching information be it for their studies or research purposes. On the other hand, 89 (45%) respondents reveal that they occasionally use university digital library when searching information for their studies or research purposes. However, the majority of the respondents who visited the digital library frequently were studying master's degree (77%) while few were studying doctoral degree (23%). These findings imply that master's students are more inclined to visit and engage with library resources compared to doctoral students perhaps to the recurring tests and examinations that master's students undergo each semester, necessitating regular access to library materials. In contrast, doctoral students typically have examinations and tests concentrated in one semester, with the remainder of their time dedicated to thesis writing. According to UTAUT model, one of the factors influencing users to develop positive behavior towards the use of digital library resources is the encouragement they get from their lecturers through assignments given.

Figure 2.

Frequency in using University Digital Library (N = 196). Source: Field Data (2023).

This observation was validated by insights obtained from an interview with a lecturer;

We as lecturers usually encourage our students to make effectively use of our digital library resources. So, to make this happen we normally give them assignments and request them to make sure they use resources (as references) found in our university digital library. Also, we gave them continuous tests that prompted them to utilize our library resources for their preparation. (Lecturer 1)

The above comment implies that the use of the digital library was also influenced by teaching staff, apart from academic requirements that influence students to do so.

Based on the above findings, the study hypothesized that; education level has positively influence the use of digital library resources. To validate this hypothesis, regression analysis was conducted to investigate the potential impact of education level on the frequency of digital library resource utilization. The results, as presented in Table 3, reveal a coefficient of MS = 0.387998, t = −1.45939, and p < 0.146074. Since p-value is greater than 0.05, results indicating that there is no a statistical significant difference between education level and the usage of digital library resources. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that education level does not have influence on the usage of digital library resources.

Table 3.

Statistical analysis (influence of education on the usage of dl).

Regression statistics
Multiple R	0.104207891
R ²	0.010859284
Adjusted R²	0.005760621
Standard error	0.426817485
Observations	196

ANOVA
	df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Regression	1	0.387997801	0.387997801	2.12983	0.146074
Residual	194	35.34159404	0.182173165
Total	195	35.72959184

	Coefficients	standard error	t-Stat	P-value	Lower 95%	Upper 95%
Intercept	1.369736428	0.094112174	14.55429591	6.37E-33	1.184122	1.555351
Use of KazNU DL	−0.0893626	0.061232691	−1.459393576	0.146074	−0.21013	0.031405

Source: MS Excel Output.

In this case, the statistical results confirm that differences in education level do not significantly impact how much or how often students utilize library resources. This means that education level does not directly influence library usage within the studied population as master's students have the same likelihood of using digital library resources as doctoral students. These findings contradict the earlier notion that master's students visit the digital library more frequently than doctoral students due to their regular assignments and tests they have.

User satisfactions in using university digital library

The study also sought to find out if users are being satisfied by university digital library when searching information for their studies or research purposes. The findings of the study show that the majority (97%) of the respondents were satisfied by university digital library, while few (3%) were not satisfied by university digital library as illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

User satisfactions in using university digital library (N = 196). Source: Field Data (2023).

The results as indicated in Figure 3 clearly show that among the participated respondents in the study, a large number (191; 97%) of the respondents were being satisfied with the university digital library as they obtained almost all information they need. On the other hand, a marginal number (5; 3%) of the participated respondents were not satisfied with the university digital library. The reason behind the un-satisfaction of few respondents could be due to digital divide as some of the students have low level of digital literacy which might cause them to not properly utilize digital technologies for searching and critically evaluating information. According to UTAUT model, users may develop behavior of using digital library resources only if they found it is easy to use and fulfills their needs.

These findings were statistically confirmed as indicated in Table 4 (mean = 1.0255, SD = 0.158, kurtosis = 35.147).

Table 4.

Descriptive statistics on the satisfactions level.

Satisfactions level
Mean	1.025510204
Standard error	0.011290893
Median	1
Mode	1
Standard deviation	0.158072508
Sample variance	0.024986918
Kurtosis	35.14685723
Skewness	6.065336076
Range	1
Sum	201
Count	196
Confidence level (95.0%)	0.022267946

Source: MS Excel Output.

The findings in Table 4 show that the standard deviation (SD = 0.158) is close to the mean, indicating that most respondents expressed higher levels of satisfaction with the use of digital library resources. Additionally, the high positive kurtosis value (35.147) suggests the presence of extreme values or outliers in the satisfaction levels.

User perspectives on the library digitization

The respondents were further asked to state their perceptions towards digitization of library resources. As the results depict (Table 5) below, the majority (115) of the respondents who are studying master's degree have shown positive perceptions towards the usage of digital library resources, as compared to respondents (34) who are studying doctoral degree.

Table 5.

User perspectives on the digitization of library resources (n = 196).

	Perception towards the usage of DL
	Positive	Negative
Level of Study			Total
Master's degree	115 (59 %)	34 (17 %)	149 (76%)
Doctoral degree	34 (17%)	13 (7 %)	47 (24 %)
			196 (100%)

Source: Field Data (2023).

The results of the study, as presented in Table 5, reveal that the majority of respondents (149; 76%) have positive perceptions towards the digitization of library resources, while a smaller group (47; 24%) holds negative perceptions. This prevalence of positive perceptions among respondents could be attributed to the ease of using electronic resources. The study's model supports this, suggesting that users are more likely to develop positive attitudes towards electronic resources if they find them easy to use. Additionally, the dominance of positive perceptions may be because these electronic resources meet the users’ needs. This claim is supported by statements from two lecturers during the interview.

To be honest, I have positive perceptions towards the use of digital library resources. This is because whenever I wanted any information I can easily get it in our digital library and therefore it fulfills my needs. (Lecturer 2)

I have positive perceptions towards the use of digital library resources because it fulfills my needs, but more importantly our digital library enables me to have access of various academic materials found in other libraries within and outside the country. (Lecturer 3)

The above comments imply that digital library resources were beneficial to users of library services.

Moreover, a comparison between master's degree and doctoral degree students indicates that most respondents with positive perceptions are master's degree students. A possible explanation for this could be that master's students tend to use library resources more frequently due to the numerous assignments and tests they have, which require regular reading. Lecturers often mandate the use of library resources for these assignments, encouraging students to utilize them regularly. Consequently, master's students develop positive attitudes toward library resources because they consistently find what they need. This notion is supported by the UTAUT model used in this study, which states that one factor contributing to positive attitudes toward the use of digital library resources is the encouragement from peers and lecturers, who promote regular utilization of these resources.

Furthermore, a statistical analysis (t-test) was conducted to determine whether age has a statistically significant impact on perceptions towards the usage of digital library resources. As shown in Table 6, the mean for the age group (1.668367347) is significantly higher than the mean for perceptions (1.239795918). Additionally, the t-statistic (6.599663291) is well above the critical values (1.649982976 for one-tail and 1.967956506 for two-tail), indicating a statistically significant difference between age and perceptions towards the usage of digital library resources.

Table 6.

The influence of age on the perception level.

t-Test: two-sample assuming unequal variances
	Age group	Perception of DL

Mean	1.668367347	1.239795918
Variance	0.643301936	0.183228676
Observations	196	196
Hypothesized mean difference	0
df	298
t-Stat	6.599663291
P(T<=t) one-tail	9.41304E-11
t Critical one-tail	1.649982976
P(T<=t) two-tail	1.88261E-10
t Critical two-tail	1.967956506

Source: MS Excel Output.

This finding suggests that younger users may have more favorable perceptions towards the usage of digital library resources compared to older users. This is supported by the UTAUT model used in this study, which posits that age significantly impacts the development of intentional behavior leading to the use of library resources. According to the model, younger users are more likely to develop intentional behavior towards using digital library resources than older users.

The impact of library digitization on the research capabilities

The study also sought to find out the existing impacts of library digitization on the research capabilities among users. Respondents were asked to agree or disagree on a number of statements on a Likert scale on impacts of library digitization on the research capabilities. Figure 4 summarizes the findings.

Figure 4.

Impact of library digitization on the research capabilities (N = 196). Source: Field Data (2023).

As depicted in Figure 4, a large proportion of respondents (102; 52% strongly agree and 66; 38% agree) agree that one of the impacts of library digitization on the research capabilities is that it saves time in searching for information, whereas few (7; 4% disagree and 2; 1% strongly disagree) respondents disagree. Moreover, the majority of the respondents (147; 75% strongly agree and 35; 18% agree) also agree that another impact of library digitization on the research capabilities is that information can be accessed at fingerprint, while few (3; 2%) respondents disagree. Furthermore, a large number of respondents (160; 82% strongly agree and 27; 14% agree) again agree that the other impact of library digitization on the research capabilities is that a single document can be used by many users at once, though few respondents (1; 0.5%) disagree. Additionally, most of the respondents (104; 53% strongly agree and 72; 37% agree) agree that another impact of library digitization on the research capabilities is that it increases collaboration as scholars from different parts of the world can easily access information and collaborate online, whereas few respondents (2; 1%) disagree. Also, most of the respondents (93; 47% strongly agree and 54; 28% agree) agree that the other impact of library digitization on the research capabilities is that with full-text indexing and keyword searching, it empowers scholars to explore materials comprehensively, while 4 (2%) respondents disagree. Together with data from questionnaires, results from interviews indicate that respondents were more optimistic on the impact of library digitization, as the following comments indicate:

Digital library has a lot of impact to me as a researcher because with it I can easily access any information I want anywhere. There is no need for me to visit the physical library. (Lecturer 4)

I can say digital library impacted me and maybe all scholars because in a traditional library it happened we have to wait for a certain book which was borrowed by another user. But now, a single book or any electronic material can be used by many users at once. (Lecturer 5)

The above comments imply that researchers valued digital library services as they facilitated information access towards accomplishing research undertaking more conveniently and efficiently. The findings are supported by the UTAUT model, as the majority of respondents have positive perceptions and believe that digital library resources significantly benefit their studies and research. Most of the library resources are easy to use, meet their needs, and simplify the process of accessing information. As a result, they develop a habitual use of digital library resources.

Challenges or barriers faced by users in utilizing digitized library resources

Also, the study further sought to find out challenges or barriers faced users in utilizing digitized library resources. Respondents were also asked to agree or disagree on a number of statements on a Likert scale on the challenges users faced in utilizing library resources. Figure 5 summarizes the findings.

Figure 5.

Challenges faced by users in utilizing digitized library resources (N = 196). Source: Field Data (2023).

As illustrated in Figure 5, most of the respondents (131; 67% strongly agree, and 52; 26.5% agree) agree that issues related to licensing, subscription costs, and copyright is one of the major challenges users face in utilizing digitized library resources, while 1 (0.5%) respondent disagree. Also, a large number of respondents (118; 60% strongly agrees, and 61; 31% agree) also agree that overwhelming volume of information available is another challenge user's face in utilizing digitized library resources, whereas 1 (0.5%) respondent disagree. Besides, a reasonable number of respondents (98; 50% strongly agree and 71; 36% agree) agree that issues related to privacy and security as the other challenge user's face in utilizing digitized library resources, whereas 4 (2%) respondents disagree. On the other hand, few (3; 1.5%) respondents agree that lack of digital literacy is one of the major challenge user's face in utilizing digitized library resources, whereas the majority (111; 56.6%) disagree. Moreover, the large number of the respondents (71; 36% agree and 48; 25% strongly agree) agree that issues related to file format obsolescence, digital degradation, and the sustainability of digital repositories is among the major challenges user's face in utilizing digitized library resources, while 21 (11%) respondents were undecided. Lastly, only 1 (0.5%) respondent agree that lack of enough time to search for information is among the major challenges user's face in utilizing digitized library resources, whereas the majority of the respondents (131; 67%) disagree. In addition to the above, interview results came up with additional challenges as stated by respondents below:

One of the challenge which I always face when utilizing digital library is that, sometimes I find a useful material but it's not for free so it needs me to purchase. So, sometimes I can afford to purchase but sometimes I can’t. (Lecturer 6)

I think the major challenge to me when utilizing digital library resources is the issues related to subscriptions and copyright. To be honest this act as a barrier when conducting my researches because there are many useful materials found in various journal but they need us to purchase. So, not all the time I can manage to purchase. (Lecturer 7)

From the above comments, one can note that despite their benefits, digital library resources have access issues due to copyright and license restrictions, making them hard to utilize.

Discussion of the findings

The findings indicate that the majority of respondents frequently use digital library resources for their studies and research. Statistical analysis (MS = 0.387998, t = −1.45939, p < 0.146074) shows no significant difference between education level and the frequency of digital library resource usage. The high usage among students can likely be attributed to strong and reliable internet connectivity, which enables them to effectively access the information they need. Additionally, social factors, such as assignments given by lecturers, may also contribute to this frequent use of digital resources. According to the UTAUT model, for individuals to develop a positive attitude toward using digital library resources, they must perceive these resources as easy to use. Social influence also plays a critical role—encouragement from peers and lecturers, such as requiring the use of digital resources for assignments, significantly influences students’ adoption of digital library resources.

The majority of respondents expressed positive perceptions toward the use of digital library resources. Statistically, the t-statistic (6.599663291) is significantly above the critical values (1.649982976 for one-tail and 1.967956506 for two-tail), indicating a significant difference between age and perceptions of digital library resource use. Several factors may explain this. One key factor is the perceived ease of use; when users can easily access the information they need, they are more likely to have a positive perception of the digital library. Another factor is the availability of strong and reliable internet connectivity, which enhances the user experience. The positive perceptions reported by most respondents may also suggest that the digital library resources are user-friendly, encouraging users to develop favorable attitudes toward them. Furthermore, many students likely possess adequate ICT skills, which contribute to their positive perceptions and frequent use of digital resources. This is supported by the UTAUT model used in this study, which suggests that individuals are more likely to develop positive attitudes or perceptions toward digital resources if they find them easy to use and user-friendly. These factors—ease of use and the richness of available resources—play a critical role in influencing users’ behavior, whether they use digital library resources frequently or occasionally.

Digital library resources have impacted users in various ways. Most respondents highlighted the ability for a single document to be accessed by multiple users simultaneously and the convenience of accessing information instantly as major benefits of library digitization for their studies and research. In today's digital era, libraries are no longer viewed solely as physical buildings. Many academic libraries globally are working to ensure that their users can easily access information anytime and anywhere. The availability of information at the users’ fingertips demonstrates the strong commitment of library management to provide resources on-demand, regardless of location. This aligns with the UTAUT model, which emphasizes the importance of a robust technological infrastructure in enabling easy access to digital library resources. Such infrastructure not only increases usage but also fosters positive attitudes and perceptions toward digital library resources.

Despite the numerous benefits of digitizing library resources, users still face several challenges when utilizing digital library resources. Many respondents pointed to issues such as licensing restrictions, subscription costs, copyright limitations, and the overwhelming volume of available information as key challenges. One contributing factor is the digital divide, as some students may lack the skills to critically evaluate the information they access online. In an age of information overload, it's essential not only to access information but also to assess its credibility, as misinformation can easily arise from unverified sources. Another significant challenge is the restrictions imposed by copyright laws, which limit how users can engage with digital resources. Copyright issues are a global concern and addressing them—particularly by promoting open access—could improve the proper and widespread use of digital library resources. Additionally, while libraries make every effort to subscribe to valuable digital resources, financial constraints sometimes prevent them from renewing subscriptions when they expire. This can place a burden on users, as they may lose access to critical resources still needed for their studies or research.

Conclusion and recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, digitization of library resources is of paramount importance to students, lecturers and researchers for the successfulness of their studies and research. The majority of respondents have positive perceptions towards digitization of library resources. Moreover, digitization of library resources has a lot of benefits to its users including the capacity of a single document to be used by many users at once and information to be accessed at a fingerprint. Despite the presence of numerous benefits of digitization of library resources to users, there are challenges that face users when utilizing digital library resources. Among the major challenges include issues related to licensing, subscription costs, and copyright and overwhelming volume of information available. The study concludes that, students have positive perceptions on the usage of digital library resources with a significant difference between age and perception towards the use of digital library resources. So, to increase the usage and for a digitization of library resources to be fruitful, all challenges that impede effective accesses of information should be overcome. The study therefore recommends continuous training to students that will help them to critically assess and evaluate the overwhelming amount of online information. Users should also be trained on how to navigate copyright issues when accessing digital library resources. Additionally, libraries should consider expanding their collections by incorporating more open access resources. Moreover, parent institutions should make sure that they increase the budget to their digital libraries so that libraries can increase the subscriptions of all useful resources.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Martin Elihaki Kanyika

About the authors

Martin Elihaki Kanyika is an Assistant Lecturer at the Eastern Africa Statistical Training Center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He holds a BA (Hons) and MA in Information Studies from the University of Dar es Salaam. Currently, he is pursuing a PhD at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Kazakhstan, with a focus on Library Information Systems. His research interests include innovative technologies in libraries, open access, institutional repositories, digital literacy, and digitization.

Raikhan Sadykova is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of History of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. She graduated from the Faculty of International Relations of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. She defended her candidate degree dissertation and currently works with PhD degree (candidate). Her research areas: the history and development of library sciences, contemporary problems and actual issues of world history. She has more than 100 publications in Kazakh, Russian, English and Turkish.

Kalima Tuyenbayeva is a Professor at the Faculty of History of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. She holds a MSc and PhD in Library Information Systems from the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Her research areas of interest include the history and development of library sciences, and application of digital technologies in libraries. She has several publications related to information and library science in Kazakh, Russian, English and Turkish languages.

Evans Wema is a Senior Lecturer working at the University of Dar es Salaam, Information Studies Program. He is a specialist in ICTs for libraries, records and archival institution. His areas of specialization include automation for records and archives, web design and authoring and database management systems. He has written a number of articles in the areas of records management, archives and information retrieval.

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