The present study includes externalizing problems, internalizing problems, mother-adolescent relationship quality, and father-adolescent relationship quality in the same structural equation model and tests the longitudinal reciprocal association among all four variables over a 1-year period. A transactional model in which adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems are negatively related to the quality of adolescents' relationships with their parents and relationship quality is related to internalizing and externalizing problems is hypothesized. Moderation by gender, ethnicity, and parental marital status is also investigated. The sample consists of 246 boys and 253 girls from the sixth and seventh grades of a large public middle school. The study's final model suggests a longitudinal, reciprocal association between the quality of adolescents' relationships with their mothers and internalizing problems. Results suggest longitudinal unidirectional effects from externalizing problems to the quality of adolescents' relationships with their fathers and from the quality of adolescents' relationships with their mothers to externalizing problems.
Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-8, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2.
Allen, J.P., McElhaney, K.B., Kuperminc, G.P., & Jodl, K.M. (2004). Stability and change in attachment security across adolescence. Child Development, 75(6), 1792-1805.
3.
Armsden, G.C., & Greenberg, M.T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 16, 427-453.
4.
Armsden, G.C., McCauley, E., & Greenberg, M.T. (1990). Parent and peer attachment in early adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(6), 683-697.
5.
Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior. Child Development, 76(6), 1144-1159.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. In P. A. Cowan & M. Hetherington (Eds.), Family transitions (pp. 111-165). Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
8.
Bosco, G.L., Renk, K., Dinger, T.M., Epstein, M.K., & Phares, V. (2003). The connections between adolescents' perceptions of parents, parental psychological symptoms, and adolescent functioning. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 179-200.
9.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development. Research paradigms: Present and future. In N. Bolger , A. Caspi, G. Downey, & M. Moorehouse (Eds.), Persons in context: Developmental processes (pp. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
10.
Browne, M.W., & Curdeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11.
Buehler, C. (2006). Parents and peers in relation to early adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 109-124.
12.
Buist, K.L., Dekovic, M., Meeus, W., & Van Aken, M.A.G. (2004). The reciprocal relationship between early adolescent attachment and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 251-266.
13.
Burt, A.S., McGue, M., Krueger, R.F., & Iacono, W.G. (2005). How are parent-child conflict and childhood externalizing symptoms related over time? Results from a genetically informative cross-lagged study. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 145-165.
14.
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 56(1), 96-118.
15.
Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (1984). Toward a transactional model of childhood depression. New Directions for Child Development , 26, 5-27.
16.
Collins, W.A. (1990). Parent-child relationships in the transition to adolescence: Continuity and change in interaction, affect, and cognition. In R. Montemayor, G. Adams, & T. Gullota (Eds.), Advances in adolescence development: Vol. 2. The transition from childhood to adolescence (pp. 85-106). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17.
Collins, W.A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Parent-adolescent relationships and influences . In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 331-361). New York: John Wiley.
18.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Shepard, S.A., Guthrie, I.K., Murphy, B.C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513-534.
19.
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T.L., Valienet, C., Fabes, R.A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study . Child Development, 76(5), 1055-1071.
20.
Garber, J., Robinson, N., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and depression: Self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12-33.
21.
Garcia-Coll, C.T., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H.P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B.H., et al. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891-1914.
22.
Garcia-Coll, C.T., Meyer, E.C., & Brillon, L. (1994). Ethnic and minority parenting. In M. H. Bronstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 1-20). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
23.
Gilliom, M., & Shaw, D.S. (2004). Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology , 16, 313-333.
24.
Gonzales, N., & Kim, L.S. (1997). Stress and coping in an ethnic minority context: Children's cultural ecologies. In S. Wolchik & I. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children's coping: Linking theory and intervention (pp. 481-511). New York: Plenum.
25.
Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D.B., & Tolan, P.H. (2004). Exposure to community violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439-449.
26.
Graber, J.A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). Transitions and turning points: Navigating the passage from childhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 768-776.
27.
Hay, D.F., Vespo, J.E., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1998). Young children's quarrels with their siblings and mothers: Links with maternal depression and bipolar illness. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 519-538.
28.
Hay, I., & Ashman, A.F. (2003). The development of adolescents' emotional stability and general self-concept: The interplay of parents, peers, and gender. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 50(1), 77-91.
29.
Henrich, C.C., Brookmeyer, K.A., Shrier, L.A., & Shahar, G. (2006). Supportive relationships and sexual risk behavior in adolescence: An ecological-transactional approach. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(3), 286-297.
30.
Hetherington, E.M. (1993). An overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a focus on early adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 39-56.
31.
Hilton, J.M., Desrochers, S., & Devall, E.L. (2001). Comparison of role demands, relationships, and child functioning in single-mother, single father, and intact families. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 35(1-2), 29-56.
32.
Hosley, C.A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents . In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the fathers in child development (3rd ed., pp. 162-178). New York: John Wiley.
33.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparametrized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
34.
Jang, S.J., & Smith, C.A. (1997). A test of reciprocal causal relationships among parental supervision, affective ties, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 307-336.
35.
Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. (2001). Lisrel 8.5: User's guide. Chicago: SSI.
36.
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 95-113.
37.
Keiley, M.K., Bates, J.E., Dodge, K.A., & Pettit, G.S. (2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: Externalizing and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 161-179.
38.
Kenny, D.A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis . New York: Guilford.
39.
Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366-380.
40.
Kline, R.B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
41.
Laird, R.D., Pettit, G.S., Bates, J.E., & Dodge, K.A. (2003). Parents' monitoring-relevant knowledge and adolescents' delinquent behavior: Evidence of correlated developmental changes and reciprocal influences. Child Development, 74(3), 752-768.
42.
Lamb, M.E. (1997). Fathers and child development: An introductory overview and guide. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 1-18, 309- 313). New York: John Wiley.
43.
Laursen, B. (2005). Conflict between mothers and adolescents in single-mother, blended, and two-biological-parent families. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(4), 347-370.
44.
Leadbeater, B.J., Kuperminc, G.P., Blatt, S.J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1268-1282.
45.
Lewis, C., & Lamb, M.E. (2003). Fathers' influences on children's development: The evidence from two-parent families. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(2), 211-228.
46.
Lilienfeld, S.O. (2003). Comorbidity between and within childhood externalizing and internalizing disorders: Reflections and directions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(3), 285-291.
47.
Little, T.D. (1997). Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: Practical and theoretical issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 53-76.
48.
Loeber, R., Drinkwater, M., Anderson, S.J., Schmidt, L.C., & Crawford, A. (2000). Stability of family interaction from ages 6 to 18. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(4), 353-369.
49.
Lollis, S., & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Beyond one hand clapping: Seeing bidirectionality in parent-child relations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 441-461.
50.
Mason, C.A., Cauce, A.M., Gonzales, N., & Hiraga, Y. (1996). Neither too sweet nor too sour: Problem peers, maternal control, and problem behavior in AfricanAmerican adolescents. Child Development, 67, 2115-2130.
51.
Moffitt, T.E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701.
52.
Paikoff, R.L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 47-66.
53.
Patterson, G.R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
54.
Pettit, G.S., Laird, R.D., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E., & Criss, M.M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72(2), 583-598.
55.
Reitz, E., Dekovic, M., & Meijer, A.M. (2006). Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: Child behaviour as moderator and predictor. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 419-436.
56.
Repinski, D.J., & Shonk, S.M. (2002). Mothers' and fathers' behavior, adolescents' self-representations, and adolescents' adjustment: A mediational model. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(4), 357-383.
57.
Roberts, R.E., Andrews, J.A., Lewinsohn, P.M., & Hops, H. (1990). Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 2, 122-128.
58.
Rubin, K.H., & Burgess, K.B. (2002). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (2nd ed., pp. 383- 418). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
59.
Sameroff, A.J. (1975). Transactional models in early social relations . Human Development, 18, 65-79.
60.
Sameroff, A.J., & MacKenzie, M.J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible . Development & Psychopathology, 15(3), 613-640.
61.
Singer, J.D., & Willett, J.B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
62.
Steinberg, L., & Fletcher, A. (1998). Data analytic strategies in research on ethnic minority youth. In V. McLoyd & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues (pp. 279-294). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
63.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N.S., Lamborn, S.D., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19-36.
64.
Stice, E., & Barrera, M. (1995). A longitudinal examination of the reciprocal relations between perceived parenting and adolescents' substance use and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 37, 814-825.
65.
Vuchinich, S., Bank, L., & Patterson, G.R. (1992). Parenting, peers, and the stability of antisocial behavior in preadolescent boys. Developmental Psychology, 28(3), 510-521.
66.
Weinraub, M., Horvath, D.L., & Gringlas, M.B. (2002). Single parenthood. In M. H. Borstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3. Being and becoming a parent (2nd ed., pp. 109-140). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
67.
Youngstrom, E.A., Findling, R.L., & Calabrese, J.R. (2003). Who are the comorbid adolescents? Agreement between psychiatric diagnosis, youth, parent, and teacher report . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(3), 231-245.
