The contributions of current models of ethical decision making are described and evaluated on a comparative basis. From the synthesis of these frameworks an integrated model is derived. The integrated model combines both cognitive-affect and social-learning theory to produce a more complete perspective of the ethical decision process. This perspective acknowledges that ethical decision making is affected by both external (environment, peers, situation) as well as internal (moral value structure) constructs.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barach, J. A. (1985), "The Ethics of Hardball,"California Management Review, 27 (2), 132-139.
2.
Barnett, J. H. (1985), "A Business Model of Enlightenment,"Journal of Business Ethics, 4 (1), 57-63.
3.
Barry, V. (1979), Moral Issues in Business, 2d ed., Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
4.
Bartels, R. (1967), "A Model for Ethics in Marketing,"Journal of Marketing, 31 (January), 20-26.
5.
Beauchamp, T. L. and N. E. Bowie, eds. (1979), Ethical Theory and Business, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6.
Boiling, T. E. (1978), "The Management Ethics Crisis: An Organizational Perspective,"Academy of Management Review, 55 (April), 360-365.
7.
Bowie, N. (1982), Business Ethics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8.
Browning, J. and N. B. Zabriskie (1983), "How Ethical are Industrial Buyers?"Industrial Marketing Management, 12 (October), 219-224.
9.
Center for Business Ethics at Bentley College (1986), "Are Corporations Institutionalizing Ethics?"Journal of Business Ethics, 5 (April), 85-91.
10.
Cressey, D. R. and C. A. Moore (1983), "Managerial Values and Corporate Codes of Ethics,"California Management Review, 25 (Summer), 53-77.
11.
DeGeorge, R. (1982). Business Ethics, New York: Macmillan.
12.
Dubinsky, A. J. and M. Levy (1985), "Ethics in Retailing: Perceptons of Retail Salespeople, "Academy of Marketing Science, 13 (1), 1-16.
13.
Fasching, D. J. (1981), "A Case for Corporate and Management Ethics,"California Management Review, 23 (Summer), 62-76.
14.
Ferrell O. C. and S. Skinner (1988), "Ethical Behavior and Bureaucratic Structure in Marketing Research Organizations,"Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (February), 103-109.
15.
Ferrell O. C. and L Greshan (1985), "A Contingency Frame-work for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing,"Journal of Marketing, 49 (Summer), 87-96.
16.
Fishbein, M. and L. Azen (1975), Belief Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Boston: Addison-Wesley.
17.
Fraedrich, John Paul (1988), "Philosophy Type Interactions in the Ethical Decision-Making Process of Retailers," Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M University.
18.
Frederick, W. and J. Weber (1987), "he Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications," in Research in Corporate Performance and Policy, W. Frederick, ed., Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc., 131-152.
19.
Frankena, W. (1963), Ethics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
20.
Fritsche, D. and H. Becker (1984), "Linking Management Behavior to Ethical Philosophy—An Empirical Investigation,"Academy of Management Journal, 27 (1) 166-175.
21.
Hunt, S. D. and S. Vitell (1986), "A General Theory of Marketing Ethics,"Journal of Macromarketing, 6 (Spring), 5-16.
22.
Kant, I. (1948), Foundtion of the Metaphysic of Morals, tr. to Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy, H. J. Paton, tans., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23.
Kohlberg, L. (1969), "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Developmental Approach to Socialization," in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, D. A. Goslin, ed., Chicago: Rand McNally, 347-480.
24.
Laczniak, G. R. (1983), "Framework for Analyzing Marketing Ethics,"Journal of Macromarketing, 5 (Spring), 7-17.
25.
Laczniak, G. R. and J. G. Udell (1979), "Dimensions of Future Marketing,"MSU Business Topics, 27 (Fall), 33-44.
26.
Loucks, V. R. (1987), "A CEO Looks at Ethics,"Business Horizons (March/April), 4.
27.
Luegenbiehl H. C. (1983), "Codes of Ethics and the Moral Education of Engineers,"Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 2 (Summer), 41-61.
28.
Mathews, M. (1987), "Codes of Ethics: Organizational Behavior and Misbehavior," in Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, W. Frederick, ed., Greenwich, CIT: JAI Press, Inc., 107-130.
29.
Moskowitz, D. B. and John A Byrne (1985), "Where Business Goes to Stock up on Ethics,"Business WeekOctober 14,33-66.
30.
Murphy, P. E. and G. Laczniak (1981), "Marketing Ethics: A Review with Implications for Managers, Educators, and Researchers," in Review of Marketing, B. Enis and K. Roering, eds., Chicago: American Marketing Association, 251-266.
31.
O'Donnell J. R. (1982), "Ethical Behavior in the Corporate Environment,"Review of Social Economy, 40 (0034-6764), 371-374.
32.
Posner, B. Z. and W. H. Schmidt (1984), "Values and the American Manager. An Update,"California Management Review, 26 (3), 202-216.
33.
Purcell V. S. J. (1977), "Institutionalizing Ethics into Top Management Decisions,"Public Relations Quarterly, 22 (Summer), 15-20.
34.
Purcell V. S. J. (1982), "Me Ethics of Corporate Governance,"Review of Social Economy, (0034-6764), 360-370.
35.
Robin, D. P. (1980), "Value Issues in Marketing," in Theoretical Developments in Marketing, C. W. Lamb and P. M. Dunne, eds., Chicago: American Marketing Association, 142-145.
36.
Robin, D. P. and E. Reidenbach (1987), "Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Marketing Strategy: Closing the Gap between Concept and Application,"Journal of Marketing, 51 (January), 44-58.
37.
Ross, W. D. (1930), The Right and the Good, Oxford: Clarendon.
38.
Sutherland. E. and D. R. Cressey (1970), Principles of Criminology, 8th ed., Chicago: Lippincott.
39.
Taylor, P. W. (1975), Principles of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethics, 2d ed., Encino, CA: Dickensot.
40.
Trevino, Linda and Stuart Youngblood (1987) "Bad Apples in Bad Barrels; The Influences of Individual Differences and Vicarious Learning on Ethical Decision Making in the Organization An Experiment," working paper, Texas A&M University.
41.
Velasquez, M. (1982), Business Ethics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
42.
Weber, J. (1981), "Institutionalizing Ethics into the Corporation,"MSU Business Topics (Spring), 47-52.
43.
White, B. J. and B. R. Montgomery (1980) "Corporate Codes of Conduct,"California Management Review, 22 (Winter), 80-87.
44.
Williams, O. F. (1982), "Business Ethics: A Trojan Horse?"California Management Review, 24 (Summer), 14-24.
45.
Zey-Ferrll, Mary , K. M. Weaver, and O. C. Farrell (1979), "Predicting Unethical Behavior Among Marketing Practitioners,""Human Relations, 32 (July), 557-569.