Wind energy potential and its current status in India

Abstract

Currently, India’s population is growing at a rate comparable to other countries, which means we need to provide more energy. Most of the world’s energy is generated by coal-fired thermal power plants, despite the fact that this method results in a significant increase in the number of pollutants released into the atmosphere. Wind power is a kind of environment-friendly, pollution-free green energy that comes from renewable sources. India is one of the top five producers of wind power in the world. This article throws light upon the current status of wind energy in India, as well as its potential and regulations governing wind energy. India has a significant untapped potential for wind power generation, and this article details that potential as well as wind power generation in various states of India. When it comes to the production of wind power in India, Tamil Nadu is the most productive states.

Keywords

Renewable energy wind turbine wind power wind speed wind turbine policy

Introduction

At present, the world’s biggest concern is pollution. It is increasing day by day and harming the environment, humans and animals as well. The main source of pollution is thermal power plants because they run with the help of fossil fuels (i.e. Natural Gas, Coal and Petroleum) and after burning fossil fuels in thermal power plants, they create a lot of pollution (Sadorsky, 2021). In India, the installed capacity of thermal power plants accounts for about 54% of the country’s total installed capacity for electricity generation. To reduce pollution, we need an alternative way to produce electricity without any pollution creation. “Renewable energy resource” (RES) refers to a method of producing electricity that does not result in pollution or the creation of pollution-free energy. The term “renewable energy” refers to a diverse group of energy, including those derived from the solar, wind, biomass, and small hydroelectric facilities. The established capacity of renewable energy power plant is about 25% for total established capacity in India. Renewable energy continues to carve into the global market for electricity generation in an increasing way, with solar and wind power being the majority sources. In 2021, the proportion of the worldwide market held by renewable energy is reached nearly 13%, a higher percentage than that of nuclear energy (9.8%)(B.P. Statistical Review, 2022).

Renewable energy such as wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric and geothermal energy plays an important role in developing countries as it strikes a balance between technology, economy and environment (Figure 1). Renewable energy has more benefits such as high energy production, pollution free energy, creation of new source of employment and most important benefit is reducing the dependence on fossil fuels (Nazir et al., 2020).

Figure 1.

Total install capacity of different sources for power generation in India (Dashboard - Central Electricity Authority, 2023).

Here we discussed the one source of the renewable energy that is, wind energy. Another type of renewable energy derived from the sun is wind energy. The movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure creates wind and with the help of this wind, wind energy is generated. Winds blow in different directions due to the change in air pressure from one region to another. When there is a significant pressure gradient between two locations, the wind speeds up significantly. It never moves in a straight line from one point to another. Wind energy is obtained from the flow of air through a machine called a wind turbine. Wind turbines which are rotated by the wind contain kinetic energy which can be converted from mechanical energy into electrical energy with the help of a generator. Most wind farms have three blades that are 60–80 feet long(Bilgili and Yasar, 2017). Wind power is an environmentally friendly type of electricity generation that does not involve the release of harmful greenhouse gases during the process of its production. Wind power is the most widely used type of renewable energy. India is the fastest growing economy in the world so we need more energy. To meet the demand for energy, we would need to build more power plants that do not contribute to environmental pollution. Wind power is by far the most important form of energy for the production of pollution-free electricity. Wind power plants can be installed onshore and offshore. India has wind power plant capacity of about 41.9 GW by November 2022 and an expected target of wind power plant installed capacity of 140 GW by 2030(GWEC, 2021).

Figure 2 shows the power generation all over India in November 2022. Total power generation in month of November 2023 is approximately121,840 GWh and Power production with the help of thermal power plant in this month is about94,460 GWh or 77.53% of the total power production which is the very high amount of energy production through the thermal power plant. So, they produce the high amount of pollution. To reduce the generation of pollution, we required the alternative methods of obtaining energy which is produce the pollution free energy. Renewable energy is the alternative way of getting electricity which is to produce pollution free energy. The contribution of renewable sources of energy in electricity generation in the month of November 2022 is about13,390 GWh, which is equal to 10.99% of the total electricity generated. Wind power is the most dominant form of energy because it produces electricity 24 hours a day, or during the day and night, but solar power only produces electricity during the day, or about 8 hours, making wind power the most notable source of energy. The electricity generation from wind energy in the month of November 2022 is about 2490 GWh or 2.04% of the total electricity generation for this month (Ministry of Power, 2022).

Figure 2.

Power generation across India in November 2022 for various sources and shear of renewable energy.

Figure 3 shows the cumulative power generation in India from April to November 2022, total generation of power in this period is about 1092510 GWh. Power production with the help of thermal power plant is about789,150 GWh or 72.23%. It is reducing the percentage of power production with comparison to the single month of November 2022. In the cumulative way, power production with the help of renewable energy sources it increases and it is 137450 GWh or 12.58%. Power production with the help of wind energy in the cumulative way (April to November 2022) is also increase with compression to the November 2022 and in cumulative way it is about55,530 GWh or 5.08%(Ministry of Power, 2022). Figures 2 and 3 shows the different sources of the power production and also shows the wind power is the very important source of the renewable energy.

Figure 3.

Cumulative power generation across India from April to November 2022 for various sources and shear of renewable energy.

In this paper, we discussed the production of wind power in India as well as the production of wind power in different states of India and how much wind power is produced in each state(Kumar and Prakash, 2023). In addition, a study of wind energy policy in India and development of wind energy industry in India along with the status of wind energy worldwide and in India is covered in this article.

Global wind energy scenario

The world is grappling with an issue that has never been seen before. This is jeopardizing energy security as well as the important goals of meeting climate goals and preventing dangerous global warming. Energy systems based on solar and wind power are essential not only for reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also for securing our resilience against the uncertainties associated with the growing volatility and geopolitical disputes around fossil fuels. The wind sector continues its global expansion throughout the year 2021. We discovered new coastlines and sea floors, and we made significant technological advances in a variety of areas, including the durability of wind turbine blades and floating models of offshore wind farms. In terms of total wind installations, we are rapidly approaching 825 GW, having already tripled the amount of offshore wind installed compared to 2020.

Despite 2020 being the biggest year ever for the wind sector, 2021 was still a record-breaking year with an increase of 1.8%. Despite the second year of the Covid-19 pandemic, more than 94 GW of capacity was added. The extraordinary resilience and growth trajectory of the worldwide wind industry can be seen here. The addition of 93.6 GW of fresh wind energy power plant in 2021 will bring the total capacity of all wind farms worldwide to 837 GW, representing a 12% increase over the previous year. Globally, 72.5 GW were installed in the onshore wind sector. This is down 18% from last year as growth has slowed in the world’s two major wind markets, China and the United States. On the other hand, new onshore installations grew by 19% in Europe, 27% in Latin America and 120% in Africa and the Middle East (Lee Joyce and Zhao Feng, 2022).

The total installed capacity of wind power around the world is shown in Figure 4. According to the annual report released by the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) 2022, the total capacity of wind power installations increases every year. By the end of the year 2021, the total cumulative installed capacity of wind power worldwide is about 82,4874 MW.

Figure 4.

Cumulative installed capacity of wind power worldwide (MW).

The total installed capacity of wind power for the top five countries is shown in Figure 5. When it comes to the total capacity of wind power installations, India ranks fourth in the world. China has the largest installed capacity for wind power, followed by the United States, Germany, India, and Spain. At the end of the year 2021, the installed capacity of wind power in China is 328973 MW, while in USA it is 132738 MW, in Germany it is 63760 MW, in India it is 40067 MW and in Spain it is 27497 MW.

Figure 5.

Top five countries in terms of installed capacity for wind power (MW).

Wind energy scenario in India

India’s economy is growing at the fastest pace in the world and it needs to keep adding new power plants to keep up with its growing energy needs. India has been using renewable energy for some time, and onshore wind power in particular has played an important role in the country’s energy supply system, with an estimated 41930 MW of built-in onshore wind power capacity yet December 2022(Islam et al., 2013). The cumulative installed capacity of wind power in India is shown in Figure 6 and the growth rate from 2012 to 2022 is about 142.37%.

Figure 6.

Installed wind power capacity (MW) in India.

The cumulative installed capacity of wind power on a monthly basis is shown in Figure 7, starting on January 2021 and ending on December 2022. The total installed capacity of wind power increased by about 8.39% from January 2021 to December 2022.

Figure 7.

Growth of Wind Installation Capacity (MW) in India from Jan 21 to Dec 22.

Economic potential of wind energy

Wind power developers want their projects to get the maximum possible economic return to satisfy the interests of investors and generate profit for themselves. It is not always the case that the practicality of a wind power project is tied to the ability of the land to support wind farms. In order to properly evaluate the matter, an introduction to economic indicators is thus very necessary (Mentis et al., 2016).

Wind-generated electricity levelized cost estimate

Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is the ratio between the present value of the sum of the discounted costs to the entire generation of wind power adjusted for the economical time value. This metric is used to determine the return that an investor receives on their capital investment (Bahrami et al., 2019).

According to the definition provided by the International Energy Agency, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is determined as

\sum_{t = 0}^{n} (\frac{{L C O E}_{t}}{{(1 + r)}^{t}} \times E_{o u t}) = \sum_{t = 0}^{n} \frac{C_{t}}{{(1 + r)}^{t}}

(1)

Where “n” represents the lifetime of the wind power project (in year), t is the time (in year), “r” represents the discount rate for time (t), “C_t” represent the project total net cost for time (t) and E_{out, t} represents the energy generation for time (t).

In the meanwhile, the LCOE may be approximated by assuming a constant value each year as shown in equation (2), which can be accomplished by rearrangement of the formula in equation (1).

LCOE = \frac{\sum_{t = 0}^{n} C_{t} / {(1 + r)}^{t}}{\sum_{t = 0}^{n} E_{o u t, t} / {(1 + r)}^{t}}

(2)

Cash flows generated from the original investment (I_t) (equity or debt financing), interest expense (F_t) (if debt financing), operating costs (O_t), and maintenance costs (M_t) are all included in the net cost of the project. Whereas the energy generated in a given year is equal to the rated energy output for that year, M_t, multiplied by the decrement factor, (1–d)^t, which decreases with time according to equation (3) (Bahrami et al., 2017).

LCOE = \frac{\sum_{t = 0}^{n} (I_{t} + M_{t} + O_{t} + F_{t}) / {(1 + r)}^{t}}{\sum_{t = 0}^{n} E_{t} {(1 - d)}^{t} / {(1 + r)}^{t}}

(3)

Wind energy policy in India

Government policy

Repowering Policy for Wind Energy Project in 2016 (No. 66/175/2015-WE) The primary goal of this policy is to promote the most efficient use of available wind energy resources by developing a framework that makes it easy to repower existing facilities. This will be accomplished by encouraging the most efficient use of available wind power resources(Jethani, 2016).

National offshore wind energy policy 2016—The nodal ministry for offshore wind power generation in India and utilization of maritime space within India’s Exclusive Economic Zone The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is the nodal ministry for offshore wind power generation in India (Authority and Delhi, 2015).

Policy for the national wind and solar hybrid system in 2018—The purpose of this strategy is to improve grid connection of wind solar PV hybrid systems in order to make the most effective and productive use of available land (Jethani, 2018).

Wind data shearing policy 2019—The purpose of this policy is to provide processed data. National Institute of Wind Energy is the organization which collects wind data in raw and processing form with the help of wind monitoring station and provides the data in processed form (NIWE, 2019).

State policy

2015 Maharashtra State Policy on Renewable Energy Sources (Policy and Methodology for Grid Connected Projects on Renewable Energy and Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (Govt. of Maharashtra Institution), India (2023))

Methodology for renewable energy sources in Maharashtra in the year 2015 (Policy and Methodology for Grid Connected Projects on Renewable Energy and Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (Govt. of Maharashtra Institution), India (2023))

Wind energy policy for Gujarat 2016 (Policy and Gujarat Energy Development Agency, 2016)

Wind and hybrid energy policy of Rajasthan 2019 (Policy and Energy Department, Rajasthan Government, 2019)

Wind power policy for Andhra Pradesh 2018—The policy aims at making optimum use of land and grid connection as well as providing employment to the local people (Government of Andhra Pradesh Abstract, 2018)

Policy for the development of the wind farm on the Government and Private land Kerala 2008—The policy aims at optimum utilization of government and private land for wind farms to generate pollution free energy (Wind farm guidelines and Anert, 2008).

Karnataka Renewable Energy Policy 2022—The policy aims to promote the amount of energy produced through the use of renewable sources of energy (hydro, wind, solar PV, waste energy, bio energy, solar-wind hybrid energy) (Policies - Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited, 2022).

Madhya Pradesh wind energy policy 2012 (Urja Vikas Nigam Limited, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh ) (2012))

High potential wind energy regulation/policy for Tamil Nadu and Gujarat as compared to other states

Several regulatory and policy initiatives that have been enacted over the years can be attributed to the high wind energy potential found in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat as compared to other states in India. While showcasing the data is essential, it is even more essential to have a solid understanding of the underlying policies and laws that have contributed to the growth of the wind energy industry in these states (MNRE - Wind Policies, 2023). Following are some of the most important aspects that have led to his achievements:

Both Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have introduced attractive feed-in tariffs (FIT) and long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) for wind power projects. These processes guarantee a fixed price for the electricity produced by wind farms, giving investors peace of mind and driving growth in the industry.

To meet their renewable purchase obligations (RPO), electricity distribution firms (DISCOMs) are required to purchase a certain amount of renewable energy. With their high RPO targets, the states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are helping to drive the renewable energy industry, especially the wind power sector.

To expedite the construction of wind power facilities, both the states that is, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat have implemented simplified procedures and single-point contact clearance systems. This makes it less difficult for developers to obtain necessary permits and approvals by reducing the number of bureaucratic hurdles that they have to go through.

Tamil Nadu and Gujarat have invested heavily in creating the infrastructure needed to accommodate wind power projects. These measures include the construction of designated wind farms, the enhancement of transmission and grid connections, and the guarantee of adequate electricity evacuation infrastructure.

To identify areas with high potential for wind power generation, researchers in these states have conducted extensive wind resource assessment studies. This information has been useful in maximizing energy production by locating wind farms in the most productive areas.

Both states have shown that they are committed to developing renewable energy and have the policy stability to do so. Due to the consistent policies and forward-thinking strategy of the government, investors and developers have kept faith in the renewable energy sector.

Wind power has been aggressively supported and promoted in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat through various incentives, subsidies and other techniques. These incentives can be in the form of lower land prices, reduced or eliminated taxes, simplified access to project financing, and incentives for research and development efforts.

While these policies have found success in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, they can serve as models for other governments to adapt to their needs. Regional differences in wind resource availability, transmission infrastructure and state targets need to be taken into account when formulating legislation and policies to support wind generation.

Important government project/policy for increase in wind energy

The Government of India has launched several projects and policies aimed at increasing the country’s use of wind power to meet its renewable energy goals (MNRE - Wind Policies, 2023). Some of the major initiatives are as follows:

In 2014, the government launched a program called the National Wind Energy Mission to increase wind power generation. The goal is to promote the expansion of wind energy through policy interventions, research and development, technological innovation and improvement of relevant skills.

In an effort to increase openness and efficiency in the delivery of wind power projects, the government has instituted a competitive bidding process. These auctions guarantee the purchase of wind power at market prices, reducing costs and encouraging wider use.

Developers of wind power projects can take advantage of increased depreciation during the first few years of project operation due to government incentives. This policy attracts investment and encourages wind energy infrastructure development.

Wind power projects may qualify for the government’s production-based incentive, which guarantees a fixed rate of compensation per kilowatt hour of electricity produced over a predetermined time frame. The objective of this incentive is to encourage the development and implementation of wind generating plants.

The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) was established by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to assess wind resources across the country. To help developers make educated decisions and build effective projects, NIWE conducts wind resource analysis, locates suitable locations and provides resource data (National Institute of Wind Energy, 2023a).

Obligated companies, including distribution licensees, captive electricity customers and open access consumers, are required to meet renewable purchase obligations set by the government. These organizations have been mandated to increase demand and wind power deployment by sourcing a certain amount of their electricity from renewable sources.

To encourage the use of renewable energy sources, the Government of India created a marketable instrument known as Renewable Energy Certificate (REC). Developers of wind power projects can earn RECs for all electricity produced using renewable energy sources such as wind. These RECs can be exchanged in electricity markets, providing another way for renewable energy producers to make money.

It is recommended to check with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) or other appropriate government bodies for the latest information and updates, as some policies and programs may change over time.

Policies for low wind energy potential states of India

These are some of the tentative policies that can be incorporated to promote the development and use of wind energy in states with low wind energy potential in India:

Develop a comprehensive renewable energy strategy at the state level that includes targets and incentives for the expansion of wind energy. The policy should detail the state’s commitment to renewable energy sources and lay out a plan to increase the use of wind energy.

Implement feed-in tariffs (FIT) that provide favorable and long-term power purchase agreements to wind power producers. FITs provide financial protection and incentives for investors to invest in wind generation projects.

Start soliciting bids for wind power projects. This methodology maintains openness, promotes healthy competition in the market, and helps guarantee the most cost-effective rates for wind power.

Wind power projects should be financially encouraged through measures such as tax credits, exemptions and accelerated depreciation. With these subsidies, private companies are more likely to invest in wind generation, despite the heavy initial investment required.

Ensure wind power projects can connect reliably to the grid by investing in and improving transmission infrastructure. Transmitting electricity from wind-rich areas to areas with little wind energy potential requires both upgrading existing transmission lines and establishing new interconnections.

Provide funding for projects that investigate the feasibility of wind power and create new ways to use it, such as more efficient turbines and less costly maintenance. By funding research and development, we can lower costs and make wind power more competitive in areas with limited access to natural wind resources.

Create wind power industry training programs and activities to attract and retain qualified workers. This may include specialized training for technicians, engineers, including project supervisors, to guarantee the availability of trained staff for wind power installations and operations.

To promote partnerships between public and commercial entities to advance wind power generation. When it comes to deploying wind generation capacity in states with poor wind resources, public-private partnerships can combine resources, experience and finance to speed up the process.

Explain the benefits of wind energy and dispel any myths using public awareness initiatives. It can help win over the public and answer their questions about wind power installations.

Encourage states to work together to harness the potential of wind energy in different regions. This can be done by sharing transportation equipment, planning policies and working together to make the best use of resources and achieve economies of scale in wind power projects.

Investigate the possibility of developing offshore wind power projects that can operate along the coast. Offshore wind is preferable because the winds are stronger and more stable, and can be used to add onshore wind power potential in states with few wind resources.

It is important to change these policies to meet the needs and goals of each Indian state. To successfully encourage wind energy development in low wind resource states, policies must be adjusted for differences in local conditions, resource availability and regulatory frameworks (MNRE - Wind Policies, 2023).

Currently used technologies for the production of wind power

The technologies that will be discussed below (Figure 8) are prominent enough to facilitate the production of electricity using wind power on a significant scale.

Figure 8.

Outline of classification of wind power technology.

Airborne wind energy

Airborne Wind Energy (AWE), refers to the process of producing usable electricity by means of airborne devices. Airborne wind energy procedures, in contrast to hovered wind turbines are either free to fly in the air or are attached to the ground by a cable, which is similar to kites or connected balloons. It has been discovered that airborne wind energy systems that produce a considerable amount of power are mechanically attached to the ground in order to take advantage of the relative velocity that exists among the airmass as well as the ground. For these systems to be able to collect wind power, they need to maintain a powerful pulling force against the wind speed they are experiencing. They are capable of being attached to either a fixed ground station or any other moving object that is not in the air, such as a vehicle on the surface or sea. Power may be produced in the form of a traction force, such as that applied to a moving vehicle, or it may take the form of electricity (Diehl, 2013).

The following is a list of the three most important reasons why humans are interested in harnessing aerial wind power to produce electricity (Ahrens et al., 2013):

(a) First, like solar energy, wind energy is one of the sources of renewable energy that is theoretically sufficient to meet the energy demands of the entire human population.

(b) Second, this is the opposite to the land-based wind turbine. Airborne wind energy devices could be able to attain higher altitudes, which would allow them to tap into significant wind power resources that have been underutilized up to this point. Winds near to the ground are often weaker and more inconsistent than those at higher elevations, both onshore as well as offshore.

(c) Third, as compared to other forms of renewable energy, an Airborne wind energy device may need a lower total investment in terms of its material components in order to produce an equivalent quantity of useable power. Due to the high power-to-mass ratio, it is anticipated that the technology will be implemented on a much smaller scale than is now possible.

The challenging task for the tether, the tether that connects flying equipment to the surface or a floating structure is an essential component of the Airborne Wind Energy (AWE). The tether needs to be able to withstand many types of wind while still being lightweight, strong, and long-lasting and also it must be able to transfer power effectively. Keeping track of wire under all circumstances including deployment, withdrawal and stormy weather can be a challenging task.

The generation of energy by AWE systems is dependent on the availability of wind resources. On the other hand, wind conditions are very unpredictable in terms of wind speed, direction and height. AWE instruments need to be able to function in a variety of wind conditions, and need to be able to change their flight patterns appropriately. Producing a constant amount of electricity in an environment with fluctuating wind conditions is quite difficult.

Buoyant airborne wind turbine

Buoyant airborne turbine is another approach of the airborne wind turbine. It is based on a diffuser that is ring-shaped with a three-bladed flying rotor device. It is fully capable of producing continuous power. The main components of this turbine are the shroud, wings, airborne three blade rotor, tether and mobile ground station. The airfoils shape of the shell body is filled with helium. Buoyancy force is applied to the shell and with the help of tethers they rise to a height of 500– 2000 m above the mobile ground station but compared to conventional onshore and offshore wind turbines operate at heights of around 80–150 m. Their shell-shaped body houses the supporting wing which provides stability of the BAWT during take-off of the turbine. A single conductive tether is required for a mobile ground power station to transmit power but multiple tethers are required to keep the BAWT in place (Roga et al., 2022).

While the buoyant aerial wind turbine (BAWT) has potential, there are several challenges standing in the way of its development and widespread use. While the buoyant aerial wind turbine (BAWT) has potential, there are several obstacles standing in the way of its development and widespread use. It is difficult to design a flying turbine that is both light and strong enough to handle a wide range of wind speeds without becoming unstable.

A wire is used to transfer the energy produced by a BAWT and to guide its flight. The other challenge, maintaining tether’s strength, endurance and dependability over extended periods of use poses problems for management. In addition, the wire must be secure even when subjected to dynamic loads and severe weather.

Multiple drones airborne wind energy system

MAWES are similar to other types of wind power systems in that they convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. The loss of kinetic energy in an incompressible fluid occurs slowly with time, with the result that the flow approaches the kite position at a speed that is much less than the speed of free streams. This process, known as induction, has the effect of reducing the amount of energy accessible inside the flow within the axial, angular and radial coordinate of the MAWES kite rotation in nature. In the optimal design and management of MAWES it is important to evaluate, for model parsimony, whether or not inductance can be safely ignored in a MAWES system (Leuthold et al., 2017).

Multiple Drones Airborne Wind Energy System (MAWES), a concept for an AWE system in which kites in orbit around the main tether work to balance the forces acting on the tether to maximize the system’s efficiency (Leuthold et al., 2018). The Multiple Drone Airborne Wind Energy System (MAWES) aims to reduce cost and intermittency on wind turbine systems while producing more power than other airborne wind energy systems.

Multiple Drone Airborne Wind Energy Systems (MAWES) present a number of challenges due to the complexity of their design and the need to integrate multiple independent drones. There are considerable challenges in coordinating and directing multiple drones in a synchronous manner. Each drone is required to follow a specific flight pattern, maintain a safe distance from any other drone, and stay away from any potential crashes. This requires cooperative control using sophisticated algorithms and communication techniques to ensure that everything runs smoothly. One of the other challenges facing MAWES is optimizing the production of energy. Kites and wind turbines are two examples of tethered devices that drones can use to effectively collect wind energy as well as effectively control the tension present in the strings. To get the best possible results from the energy harvesting process, the altitude, speed and flight pattern of the drone need to be precisely controlled.

Self-governing take-off and docking system

The development of a fully autonomous take-off and landing system is an important continuing methodological challenge for the continuous development of AWE modern technology. The vertical start and landing systems are the only parts of the current technology that have been investigated and most of the remaining aspects have yet to be validated in practice. The difference in capability and restriction between soft kites and stern aircraft is that the latter use longitudinal or rotational launching tactics to assist the wings during launch. A fixed or telescopic pole is used by earlier types of aircraft. The principles of automatic take-off and landing are commonly employed for soft kites, yet it has not been proven that these notions are realistic or substantially applicable. When adaptive stability control and S.I. When approaches such as algorithms are combined, it is possible to achieve flight control under alternating low and high wind speed conditions. As a result, system performance is made more flexible for all types of wind conditions (Roga et al., 2022).

The main challenge is getting the wind turbines to take off and land with precise accuracy. For maximum energy production, the system needs to be able to angle and speed the turbine blades. A reduction in efficiency or even the destruction of the turbine can result from even the slightest misalignment or placement error. This is also one of the other challenges. Wind turbines must operate in a wide range of weather conditions, including strong winds, heavy rain, snow and ice. Take-off and landing can be more difficult in such weather. All safety and performance requirements must be met, and the system must be built to endure inclement weather.

Cross axis wind turbine

The CAWT consists of three primary vertical blades which are joined to six horizontally oriented blades through connectors that have been built for the purpose. This configuration is what makes up cross-axis wind turbines. The most notable benefit of a CAWT is that it is able to work with air movement whose direction is omni-directional at its sides for a vertical-axis wind turbine, along with from the bottom of the turbine with the blade for the horizontal axis wind turbine. The hub of the CAWT is connected to the vertical blades by means of horizontal arms, which act as the radial limbs of the CAWT. The aerofoil-shaped arms engage in dynamic interaction with the vertical air flow that is generated either by the building itself or by a guide-vane structure. Connectors are used to connect horizontal and vertical airfoils blades together. Each horizontal blade is positioned at an angle that is greater to the horizontal plane. The vertical blades are able to collect horizontal wind that may be coming from any direction. The horizontal blades have the ability to collect the vertical air stream produced by the omni-directional shroud. This not only enhances the self-starting capabilities of the turbine but also provides aero-levitation force. Due to the wind-lift force, the bearing friction in the generating unit is reduced, resulting in longer lifetime of the wind turbine (Chong et al., 2017).

CAWTs have a more complex mechanical construction, making them more challenging to design and produce. The bending and torsional forces exerted on the rotor are unique compared to HAWTs. Robust engineering is required to guarantee the stability and reliability of the structure, especially in high winds. Cross-axis designs include additional parts and mechanisms, including gears or linkages, to transmit rotating motion to the generator. These new parts increase the complexity of the system and require regular service, which can be both costly as well as time-consuming.

Magnetic levitation (MagLev) wind turbine

This particular type of wind turbine is designed to have a rotor that spins a fully leveraged rotor through the use of permanent magnets to cancel out the weight of the rotor and any type of mechanical contact between the rotor and mechanical parts. Prevents what is located around it. To achieve levitation, two pairs of axially magnetized ring magnets are used, each set placed in such a way that this results in the magnets being in a position in which they oppose each other. After the first magnet is mounted on the shaft, another magnet is positioned under the supporting hub. The hub and other rotating parts are able to hover and the weight of the device is largely neutralized by the repulsive force caused by the magnets. This argument is somewhat invalid as a result of the fact that the center of gravity is not located exactly at the center of the rotor blades. When the rotor is made to rotate against its will, the center shaft will continually collide with any neighboring mechanical object located around it. K&J Magnetics, Inc., the online calculator provided by is used to determine the intensity of the repulsive force that exists between two identical magnets(Ahmad and Amin, 2017).

Scalability is a significant challenge that must be overcome in order to bring MagLev wind farms to commercial-scale installation. In order to successfully design and build large MagLev windmills that are able to tolerate high wind speeds and generate a meaningful amount of power generation, scientific and structural hurdles need to be overcome.

Infrastructure and grid compatibility: Adding MagLev wind farms to the already established infrastructure of the electrical grid can be a difficult process. It is possible that standard turbines and MagLev turbines have different electrical properties and control systems, meaning that MagLev turbines will need to be modified and optimized before they can be integrated seamlessly into the grid.

Vertical axis wind turbine with low RPM

This type of wind turbine is designed with the aim of having a low optimum rotational speed. The intended result of this design is a relatively large torque, but it also has the consequences of greater cost and greater weight for the drive system. It is possible to avoid this problem by using a secondary rotor, which will result in a different tip speed to the VAWT (Roga et al., 2022).

The challenges of low-rpm VAWTs can be that they are subjected to greater mechanical stresses than high-rpm VAWTs. The torque force on a rotating part can increase with lower rotation speed, requiring components with greater strength and durability. Low-rpm operation puts additional stress on the gearbox, bearings as well as other mechanical parts, thus they must be built to withstand it.

Multirotor wind turbine

Currently, most wind turbines use a single rotor and the manufacturing and maintenance cost of this type of single rotor wind turbine is very high and this cost is even higher for offshore wind turbines. To reduce this cost, new wind turbine technology has been introduced which is multi rotor wind turbine. The single large rotor is replaced by multiple smaller rotors which are mounted on a single support structure. Multiple rotor megawatt wind turbine with the same rated power reduces cost by about 15% compared to single rotor wind turbine. Multiple rotor wind turbines have higher power efficiency than single rotor wind turbines (Bastankhah and Abkar, 2019).

The challenge is to create a new baseline controller that, in addition to conserving power and preventing excessive use of the pitch actuators, limits the amount of motion exhibited by the structure (Sorenserr et al., 2018).

Offshore floating wind technology

The development of onshore wind farms is limited by the availability of land. Near the residential area, people are opposing the shrinking of onshore wind farms, as the wind turbines near the residential area create noise and esthetic impact on the surrounding natural environment. Offshore wind farms have been invented to deal with this type of problem. An offshore wind turbine is similar to an onshore wind turbine, but it is installed in the sea and compared to land, an offshore wind turbine has several advantages, that is, a much larger area is available as well as with respect to noise pollution and visual encroachment There are also fewer objections. Offshore wind power is one of the fastest growing energy sectors today and is expected to be a future priority of research and development in a large number of countries worldwide (Sun et al., 2012).

Offshore wind turbine has some challenges because it is located in the sea. The motion caused by waves and wind is difficult to overcome when floating wind farms are used, which is one of the issues that are experienced due to the use of floating wind farms. Therefore, wind turbine design must additionally take into account the increased degree of freedom (DOF) due to platform motion (Bashetty and Ozcelik, 2021).

Wind energy potential in India

For wind resource assessment programed, National Institute of Wind Energy is one such organization which collects wind data at different heights that is, 50 m, 80 m. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is managing government agency known as National Institute of Wind Energy (Lal et al., 2022). National Institute of Wind Energy is collaborating with RISO Denmark to develop Wind Atlas for India. Table 1 shows the estimated wind power potential at 50 m and 80 m height. At 50 m above ground level, the estimated wind power potential is about 49130 MW and Gujarat is the state which is estimated to have the highest wind power potential. The estimated wind energy potential for Gujarat is about 10609 MW. After upgrading the technology, National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) calculated that the wind power potential at 80 m in height is about 102788 MW, while the projected wind power potential in Gujarat is around 35071 MW (Siram et al., 2022).

Table 1.

Estimated wind energy potential at 50 m and 80 m above the ground level (National Institute of Wind Energy, 2023b).

Sl. No	States/UTs	Estimated potential (MW)
Sl. No	States/UTs	At 50 m	At 80 m (^a,b)
1	Andaman & Nicobar	2	365
2	Andhra Pradesh	5394	14497
3	Arunachal Pradesh^a	201	236
4	Assam^a	53	112
5	Bihar	-	144
6	Chhattisgarh^a	23	314
7	Dieu Damn	-	4
8	Gujarat	10609	35071
9	Haryana	-	93
10	Himachal Pradesh^a	20	64
11	Jharkhand	-	91
12	Jammu & Kashmir^a	5311	5685
13	Karnataka	8591	13593
14	Kerala	790	837
15	Lakshadweep	16	16
16	Madhya Pradesh	920	2931
17	Maharashtra	5439	5961
18	Manipur^a	7	56
19	Meghalaya^a	44	82
20	Nagaland^a	3	16
21	Orissa	910	1384
22	Pondicherry	-	120
23	Rajasthan	5005	5050
24	Sikkim^a	98	98
25	Tamil Nadu	5374	14152
26	Uttarakhand^a	161	534
27	Uttar Pradesh^a	137	1260
28	West Bengal^a	22	22
Total		49130	102788

So far there has been no confirmation of wind power using field measurements.

The estimation has been calculated on modeling at the meso size (Indian Wind Atlas).

More than 90% of the wind power potential comes from nine states of India that is, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh as these states are the most windy states(Kumar et al., 2022). India has the 20 to 30% more potential of wind energy at the current installation capacity(Berkeley Lab Study Shows Significantly Higher Potential for Wind Energy in India than Previously Estimated - Berkeley Lab – News Center, 2023)

Current status of wind energy

In India, nine states are most suitable for wind power generation, namely Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh. The flow of wind in these states is best for the production of wind energy. By the end of the year 2022, the total installed capacity of wind power in India is about 41930 MW. In India, the state of Tamil Nadu has the largest installed capacity of wind power, accounting for about 23.72% of the total installed capacity. At the other end of the spectrum, Kerala has the lowest installed capacity of wind power, accounting for 0.15% of the total installed capacity.(Indian Wind Power Association, 2023).

The total installed wind power capacity in Rajasthan is shown in Figure 9 along with the installed capacity on a monthly basis. As of November 2022, the total installed capacity of wind power in Rajasthan is about 4,681.75 MW. The year 2022 saw more capacity addition than the year 2021. The state of Rajasthan did not install any new wind power capacity in the year 2021. In the year 2022, a total of 355 MW of new wind power capacity has been set up, with a maximum of 105 MW being added in the month of October 2022.

Figure 9.

Wind energy installed capacity in Rajasthan.

The total installed capacity of wind power in Gujarat is shown in Figure 10 (Elavarasan et al., 2020). The total installed capacity of wind power in Gujarat by November 2022 is about 9,860 65 MW. The total wind power installed capacity in 2021 is about 815.2 MW, and the largest monthly wind power installed capacity is about 255.4 MW in March 2021. The installed capacity of wind power is more in the year 2022 as compared to the year 2021. The highest monthly wind power capacity is 268.8 MW in August 2022, bringing the total wind power installed capacity in 2022 to about 852.9 MW (Dawn et al., 2019). The installed capacity of wind power in Gujarat is 23.54% of the total installed capacity of wind power, making it the second largest state in terms of installed capacity for wind power (Zhao et al., 2012).

Figure 10.

Installed wind power capacity in Gujarat.

The total amount of installed wind power generation capacity in Madhya Pradesh is shown in Figure 11. The total installed capacity of wind power in Madhya Pradesh is about 2844.3 MW by November 2022. No new wind capacity has been installed during the year 2021, while 324.4 MW of fresh wind capacity has been installed during the year 2022. Madhya Pradesh is responsible for 6.79% of the total wind power capacity built in India (Figure 18).

Figure 11.

Installed wind power capacity in Madhya Pradesh.

Figure 12 shows the cumulative wind power potential in Maharashtra. The total installed capacity of wind power in Maharashtra till November 2022 is about 5012.88 MW. In 2021, the total newly added wind capacity is about 12.5 MW, but in 2022, there is no newly added wind capacity. The wind power capacity installed in Maharashtra accounts for 11.97% of India’s total installed wind power capacity (Figure 19).

Figure 12.

Installed wind power capacity in Maharashtra.

The cumulative installed wind power capacity in the state of Karnataka is shown in Figure 13. By November 2022, the total installed capacity of wind power in Karnataka is about 5268.15 MW. In 2021, the new wind power addition capacity is about 208.4 MW and in 2022, the new wind power addition capacity is about 190.95 MW. Karnataka installed 12.57% of India’s total installed capacity to generate electricity from wind (Figure 19).

Figure 13.

Installed wind power capacity in Karnataka.

The total amount of installed wind power capacity in Kerala is shown in Figure 14. The total installed capacity wind power in Kerala is about 62.9 MW. No new wind power capacity has been added in the last 2 years. The state of Kerala accounts for 0.15% of India’s total installed capacity for wind power (Figure 19) (Elavarasan et al., 2020).

Figure 14.

Installed wind power capacity in Kerala.

The complete quantum of installed wind power capacity in Andhra Pradesh is shown in Figure 15. About 4096.7 MW is the total installed wind power capacity in the state of Andhra Pradesh (Sahu et al., 2013). There is no new wind power addition capacity in 2022, while there is 4.2 MW of new wind power addition capacity in 2021. Andhra Pradesh accounts for 9.78% of the country’s total wind power capacity installations (Figure 19).

Figure 15.

Installed wind power capacity in Andhra Pradesh.

The total amount of wind generation capacity installed in Telangana is shown in Figure 16. In Telangana, the total installed capacity of wind power is about 128.1 MW. No new additional wind power capacity has come up in Telangana for the last 2 years. Telangana’s share in India’s total installed wind power is 0.31% of the country’s total wind power (Figure 19).

Figure 16.

Installed wind power capacity in Telangana.

The total installed capacity of wind power generation in Tamil Nadu is shown in Figure 17. By November 2022, the cumulative wind power potential in Tamil Nadu is about 9936 MW. The new installed capacity of wind power in 2021 is about 418.25 MW, while the new installed capacity of wind power in 2022 is about 89.32 MW. New wind power capacity added in 2021 in Tamil Nadu is more than the amount added in 2022. The state of Tamil Nadu has the largest installed wind capacity in the country and therefore tops this category. Tamil Nadu accounts for 23.72% of the total installed wind power capacity in India (Figure 19).

Figure 17.

Installed wind power capacity in Tamil Nadu.

The total installed wind power generation capacity of other states in India is shown in Figure 18. The remaining states of India have a combined installed capacity of about 4.3 MW for wind power generation. There is no new capacity addition for the years 2021 and 2022 wind power. Wind power is not generated in other states of India because the average wind speed is not high enough in those states. As a result, India’s total installed wind capacity is only 0.01% of the contribution made by other states of India (Figure 19).

Figure 18.

Installed wind power capacity in Other state.

Figure 19.

Contribution of Indian State to Produce Wind Energy.

Wind power generation in the different states of India

National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) is an independent institute found in Chennai, India. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), which is part of the Government of India, is responsible for setting up this organization, which serves as the national apex body for wind energy in India. The primary objective of the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) is to encourage and support the development of wind energy in India. It carries out research and development activities, testing and certification of wind turbines, and provides technical support for the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. NIWE also collaborates with national and international organizations to exchange information and knowledge related to wind energy (National Institute of Wind Energy, 2023a).

The total installed capacity of wind power in India by December 2022 is about 41930 MW. India ranks fourth in the global market in generating electricity from wind energy. The Central Electricity Authority, sometimes referred to as the CEA, is a statutory agency established in India in 1948 under the Electricity (Supply) Act. It functions under the Ministry of Power and is responsible for advising the Government of India on all aspects of electricity, including electricity production, transmission and distribution (Home page - Central Electricity Authority, 2023). The main responsibilities of the CEA include preparing the National Electricity Plan, formulating policies for the development of electricity generation and transmission systems, and ensuring that the supply of electricity is adequate and reliable throughout the country. It also provides technical and economic advice to the government on the development of power projects, and monitors and evaluates the performance of the power sector in India. The CEA also works to promote the efficient use of energy resources and the development of new alternative and sustainable sources of power.

Wind power production in Rajasthan is shown in Figure 20, covering the period from January 2020 to December 2022. During this period every year in the month of June, maximum wind power generation occurs during this period. Minimum wind power generation in the winter season October to December every year during this time period. The maximum wind energy generation in Rajasthan in May 2022 is about 1092.6 GWh and the minimum wind power generation in February 2021 is about 237.03 GWh.

Figure 20.

Wind power generation (GWh) in Rajasthan.

The Figure 21 shows the amount of electricity generated by wind in Gujarat during the period starting January 2020 and ending in December 2022. The month of May 2022 has the highest wind power generation of 2843.95 GWh while the month of September 2020 has the lowest wind power generation of 550.36 GWh. In India, Gujarat is the state that generates the second largest amount of electricity from wind turbines. Compared to the years 2021 and 2022, the wind power generation in 2020 is the lowest because the wind turbine installation capacity in 2020 is less as compared to 2021 and 2022.

Figure 21.

Wind power generation (GWh) in Gujarat.

The Figure 22 shows the amount of electricity generated from wind in the state of Madhya Pradesh between January 2020 and December 2022. During this period, the maximum wind power generation is about 722.52 GWh in the month of May 2022 and the minimum wind power generation is about 138.72 GWh in the month of November 2022.

Figure 22.

Wind power generation (GWh) in Madhya Pradesh.

The wind energy generation in Maharashtra for the years 2020–2022 is shown in Figure 23. The maximum wind power generation in Maharashtra during this period is about 1461.14 GWh during the month of August 2020 and the minimum wind power generation is about 210.01 GWh in the month of January 2021.

Figure 23.

Wind power generation (GWh) Maharashtra.

The quantum of wind power generated in Karnataka for the period starting January 2020 and ending December 2022 is shown in Figure 24. During this period the maximum wind power generation is about 1691.44 GWh in the month of August 2020 and the minimum wind power generation is 366.59 GWh in the month of October 2021.

Figure 24.

Wind power generation (GWh) Karnataka.

The wind energy generation in Kerala for the years January 2020 to December 2022 is shown in Figure 25. The maximum wind power generation in Kerala is around 56.04 GWh during the month of November 2022 and the minimum wind power generation is around 4.15 GWh in the month of March 2020.

Figure 25.

Wind power generation (GWh) Kerala.

Wind power generation in Andhra Pradesh for the period starting January 2020 and ending December 2022 is shown in Figure 26. The wind power generation in Andhra Pradesh during this time period is the lowest in the month of October 2021 around 195.38 GWh and the highest in the month of July 2022 around 1375.98 GWh.

Figure 26.

Wind power generation (GWh) Andhra Pradesh.

The amount of wind power generated in Telangana is shown in Figure 27 for the period beginning in January 2020 and ending in December 2022. The highest wind power is generated in the month of July 2022 at around 44.3 GWh and the lowest wind power is generated in the month of April 2021 at around 11.9 GWh.

Figure 27.

Wind power generation (GWh) Telangana.

The quantum of wind energy production in Tamil Nadu during the period starting January 2020 and ending December 2022 is shown in Figure 28. Tamil Nadu is the state in India that produces maximum wind power. Tamil Nadu generates the maximum amount of wind power in the month of July 2021 around 2851.49 GWh and the minimum amount of wind power in November 2022 around 237.39 GWh. Tamil Nadu tops the list of wind power generation.

Figure 28.

Wind power generation (GWh) Tamil Nadu.

The amount of wind power generated across regions of India is shown in Figure 29, which covers the time period from January 2020 to December 2022. In India, wind energy production is the highest in the southern region, followed by wind energy production in the western region and wind power production in the northern region. Both the eastern region and the north eastern region are devoid of any wind power generation. As we are looking at the month of July 2022, the maximum wind power generation in southern region is 5791.47 GWh and the minimum wind power generation is around 1043.55 GWh in the month of November 2022. The maximum wind power generation in the western region during this period is about 4710.3 GWh in the month of July 2021 and the minimum wind power generation is about 1075.68 GWh in the month of October 2020. In the northern region, the maximum amount of wind energy production during this period is about 1092.6 GWh in the month of July 2022 and the minimum amount of wind power production in the month of February 2021 is around 237.03 GWh.

Figure 29.

Wind power generation (GWh) in five different region in India.

The cumulative amount of wind energy generation in India is shown in Figure 30, which covers the time period from January 2020 to December 2022. During this period, India’s maximum cumulative wind energy generation is about 11421.28 GWh in the month of July 2021 and India’s minimum cumulative wind power generation is about 2489.5 GWh in the month of November 2022. India ranks fourth in the world in generating wind energy.

Figure 30.

Cumulative wind power generation (GWh) in India.

The quantum of wind power generated across states in India during the period starting January 2020 and ending December 2022 is shown in Figure 31. Among the nine states of India, in the month of July 2021, wind energy production in Tamil Nadu reaches its highest level of around 2851.49 GWH, while wind power production in Kerala reaches its lowest level of about 4.15 GWH in the month of March 2020.

Figure 31.

Wind energy generation (GWh) in the various states of India.

Conclusion

When it comes to producing electricity without causing pollution, the use of renewable energy is highly recommended. The current status of wind energy in India is discussed in this study. India is now ranked fourth in the world when it comes to the amount of electricity generated by wind turbines. China is ranked first when it comes to the production of wind energy worldwide, followed by the United States, Germany, India and Spain respectively. By the end of the year 2022, the established capacity of wind power in India has reached about 41930 MW. From 2012 to 2022, the installed capacity of wind power in India has grown at a rate of 142.37%.

Here we discussed the wind energy policy which refers to the regulations, incentives and guidelines implemented by governments to promote the development and use of wind power. The main aim of the Wind Energy Policy is to increase deployment of wind energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. Wind power policy can also be influenced by factors such as environmental concerns, economic conditions, and political preferences.

The use of renewable energy sources has seen a significant increase in popularity over the years. This trend can be attributed to several factors, including concerns about climate change and energy security, as well as the desire to reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources. During the months of April to November 2022, the percentage of India’s total power generation which was completed with the help of renewable energy was 12.58%, while India’s contribution of wind energy to India’s total power generation was 5.08%. Wind power generation in India is increasing on an annual basis. Two states in India, that is, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, account for 48.30% of the total energy generation from wind turbines, while the remaining states of India account for 51.70% of the country’s total generation during the period January 2020 to December 2022. When compared to western and northern regions, the amount of energy generated in the southern regions is quite high. In eastern and north eastern regions, electricity is not generated from wind power. It has also been determined, with the help of this study, that the months of May, June, July and August are those that see the greatest amount of wind energy production.

Challenges and future work

In India, out of 28 states and eight union territories only nine states (i.e. Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana) which is generate the wind power. The main challenges in India that is to find the exact location to installed the wind turbine. The effect of climate change on this issue is that it becomes more difficult to solve. As a result, it is necessary to get accurate data from one place to another. It is quite challenging to obtain such information for geographically isolated areas. To deal with this issue, it is necessary to have highly accurate soft computing software to provide clear environmental data, which will help in understanding the air characteristics of that specific location properly. This method is now being implemented in many different countries, including Denmark, the United States, and others.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our gratitude to the National Institute of Technology Patna, India (also known as NIT Patna, India) for consenting to the conduct of this research.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Nitin Kumar

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