A virtual thermocouple model for high fidelity multiphysics computer simulation is introduced in this article. Detailed thermocouple and gas temperature (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) measurements were performed using a well-controlled, adiabatic, flat-flame Hencken burner, which provided data for validating the thermocouple model in a Sandia National Laboratories fire code. Comparison of simulation results to test data indicated a mean error of 6% between the thermocouple reading and predicted temperature.
Yilmaz, N., Donaldson, A.B. and Lucero, R.E. ( 2008). Experimental Study of Diffusion Flame Oscillations and Empirical Correlations, Energy Conversion and Management , 49(11): 3287-3291.
2.
Yilmaz, N., Gill, W., Donaldson, A.B. and Lucero, R.E. ( 2008). Problems Encountered in Fluctuating Flame Temperature Measurements by Thermocouple, Sensors Journal, 8(12): 7882-7893.
3.
Jones, J.C. ( 2000). A Combustion Scientist’s View of Thermocouple Temperature Measurement, IEE Colloquium, 80: 53-56.
4.
Pitts, W.M., Braun, E., Peacock, R.D., Mitler, H.E., Johnsson, E.L., Reneke, P.A. and Blevins, L.G. ( 2002). Temperature Uncertainty for Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouple Measurements in Fire Environments, In: Gritzo, L.A. and Alvares, N.J. (eds), ASTM Special Technical Publication1427, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 3-15.
5.
Segall, A. ( 2001). Solutions for the Correction of Temperature Measurements Based on Beaded Thermocouples, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 44(15): 2801-2808.
6.
Farrow, R.L. , Mattern, P.L. and Rahn, L.A. ( 1982). Comparison Between CARS and Corrected Thermocouple Temperature Measurements in a Diffusion Flame , Applied Optics, 21(17): 3119-3125.
7.
Brundage, A.L. , Donaldson, A.B., Gill, W., Kearney, S.P., Nicolette, V.F. and Yilmaz, N. ( 2010). Thermocouple Response in Fires, Part 1: Considerations in Flame Temperature Measurements by a Thermocouple , Journal of Fire Sciences, DOI: 10.1177/0734904110386187.
8.
Special Metals Corporation (2004). Inconel alloy 600, Publication Number SMC-027, Special Metals Corporation , New York, USA.
9.
O’Sullivan Jr, W.J. and Wade, W.R. ( 1957). Theory and Apparatus for Measurement of Emissivity for Radioactive Coating of Hypersonic Aircraft with Data for Inconel and Inconel X, NACA Tech Note 4121, superseded by NASA TR R-90.
10.
Nakos, J.T. ( 2002). The Systematic Error of a Mineral-Insulated, Metal Sheathed (MIMS) Thermocouple Attached to a Heated Flat Surface, Thermal Measurements: The Foundation of Fire Standards, In: Gritzo, L.A. and Alvares, N.J. (eds), ASTM STP 1427, American Society for Testing and Materials , West Conshohocken, PA.
11.
Black, A.R. (2005). Numerical Predictions and Experimental Results for a 1m Methane Fire, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, (Publication) HTD, 376(1): 429-435.
12.
Brown, A.L. and Blanchat, T.K. ( 2003). A Validation Quality Heat Flux Dataset for Large Pool Fires, In: Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 71-78.
13.
Holen, J., Brostrom, M. and Magnussen, B.F. ( 1990). Finite Difference Calculation of Pool Fires, In: Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Orléans , France, pp. 1677-1683.
14.
Hancock, R.D. , Bertagnolli, K.E. and Lucht, R.P. (1997). Nitrogen and Hydrogen CARS Temperature Measurements in a Hydrogen/Air Flame Using a Near-Adiabatic Flat-Flame Burner, Combustion and Flame , 109(3): 323-331.
15.
Gordon, S. and McBride, B.J. ( 1994). Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications I. Analysis, NASA RP-1311, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.
16.
Antcliff, R.R. and Jarrett, O. (1984). Comparison CARS Combustion Temperatures With Standard Techniques, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 92: 45-57.
