Ethnic identity and acculturation attitudes were studied in indigenous Sami (earlier named Lapps) and ethnocultural Kvens (descendants of early Finnish-speaking immigrants from the northern part of Sweden and Finland) in Northern Norway. The sample consisted of 674 Sami and 347 Kven high school students ages 16 to 19 years. Ethnic identity was examined by Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and acculturation attitudes by acculturation strategies. Among important findings was the result that ethnic language competence had a strong impact on ethnic identity and acculturation attitudes across the two groups, whereas contextual difference in the population of indigenous Sami was strongly related to acculturation strategies and ethnic identity. The authors’ findings may be transferable to other indigenous groups, such as Native Americans, Inuit, and long-standing immigrants, such as Hispanics in the United States.
Aubert, W. (1978). The Lappish population in northern Norway (No.107).Oslo, Norway: Aschehoug/Universitetsforlaget.
2.
Berry, J.W. (1990).Psychology of acculturation.In J.Berman (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspectives: Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp.201-234).Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
3.
Berry, J.W. (1997).Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-34.
4.
Berry, J.W., & Kim, U. (1988).Acculturation and mental health.In P.Dasen, J.W.Berry, & N.Sartorius (Eds.), Health and cross-cultural psychology: Towards applications (pp.207-236).London: Sage.
5.
Berry, J.W., Kwak, K., Liebkind, K., Phinney, J.S., Sabatier, C., Sam, D.L., et al. (1995). Questionnaire for the international comparative study of ethnocultural adolescents (ICSEY).Stockholm: Stockholm University, Centrum för forskning om internationell migration och etniska relationer.
6.
Berry, J.W., & Sam, D.L. (1997).Acculturation and adaptation.In J.W.Berry, M.H.Segall, & C.Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social behavior and applications (Vol.3, pp.314-317).Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
7.
Berry, J.W., Trimble, J.E., & Olmedo, E.L. (1986).Assessment of acculturation.In W.L.Lonner & J.W.Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp.291-324).Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
8.
Cross, W. (1978).The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence: A literature review. Journal Black Psychology, 4, 13-31.
9.
Driedger, L. (1976).Ethnic self-identity: A comparison of ingroup evaluations. Sociometry, 39, 131-141.
10.
Ghuman, P.A.S. (1991).Best orworst of twoworlds: Astudy of Asian adolescents. Educational Review, 33, 121-132.
11.
Giles, H., & Coupland, N. (1991). Language: Contexts and consequences.Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
12.
Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1981).The role of language in ethnic group relations.In J.C.Turner & H.Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior.Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
13.
Heller, M. (1987).The role of language in the formation of ethnic identity.In J.S.Phinney & M.J.Rotheram (Eds.), Children’s ethnic socialization (pp.180- 200).Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
14.
Høgmo, A. (1986).The third alternative: Identity and identity management learning of an assimilated generation in a Sami-Norwegian setting. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning, 27, 395-416.
15.
Kvernmo, S. (1998).Language and ethnic identity in Sami adolescents.In E.Skoe & A.Lippe (Eds.), Personality development in adolescence: A cross national and life span perspective (pp.123-140).London: Routledge.
16.
Kvernmo, S., & Heyerdahl, S. (1996).Ethnic identity in aboriginal Sami adolescents: The impact of the family and the ethnic community context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 453-463.
17.
Kvernmo, S., & Heyerdahl, S. (2003).Acculturation strategies and ethnic identity as predictors of behavioral/emotional problems in arctic minority adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 743-751.
18.
Lanca, M., Alksnes, C., Roese, N.J., & Gardner, R.C. (1994).Effects of language choice on acculturation.A study of Portuguese immigrants in a multicultural setting. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 315-330.
19.
Lindgren, A.. (1984).What can we do when a language is dying?Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural development, 5, 293-300.
20.
Lysne, M., & Levy G.. (1997).Differences in ethnic identity in Native American adolescents as a function of school context. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 372-388.
21.
Oetting, E., & Beauvais, F. (1991).Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 655-685.
22.
Phinney, J.S. (1989).Stages of ethnic identity in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34-49.
23.
Phinney, J.S. (1990).Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Areviewof research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514.
24.
Phinney, J.S. (1992).Multiple group identities: Anewscale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
25.
Phinney, J.S., & Alipuria, L. (1996).At the interface of culture: Multiethnic/multiracial high school students and college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 139-158.
26.
Phinney, J.S., & Chavira, V. (1992).Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Anexploratory longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 271-281.
27.
Phinney, J.S., Chavira, V., & Williamson, L. (1992).Acculturation attitudes and self-esteem among high school and college students. Youth and society, 23, 299-312.
28.
Phinney, J.S., Romero, I., Nava, M., & Huang, D. (2001).The role of language, parents, and peers in ethnic identity among adolescents in immigrant families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 135-153.
29.
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits M.J. (1936).Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152.
30.
Rosenthal, D.A., & Hrynevich, C. (1985).Ethnicity and ethnic identity: A comparative study of Greek-, Italian-, and Anglo-Australian adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 20, 723-742.
31.
Sam, D.L. (1994).The psychological adjustment of young immigrants in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 35, 240-253.
32.
Young, M.Y., & Gardner, R.C. (1990).Modes of acculturation and second language proficiency. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 22, 59-71.
