This paper surveys the debate regarding Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states and reviews the modified or alternative typologies ensuing from this debate. We confine ourselves to the classifications which have been developed by Esping-Andersen's critics in order to cope with the following alleged shortcomings of his typology: (1) the misspecification of the Mediterranean welfare states as immature Continental ones; (2) the labelling of the Antipodean welfare states as belonging to the `liberal' regime type; (3) a neglect of the gender-dimension in social policy. We reconstruct several typologies of welfare states in order to establish, first, whether real welfare states are quite similar to others or whether they are rather unique specimens, and, second, whether there are three ideal-typical worlds of welfare capitalism or more. We conclude that real welfare states are hardly ever pure types and are usually hybrid cases; and that the issue of ideal-typical welfare states cannot be satisfactorily answered given the lack of formal theorizing and the still inconclusive outcomes of comparative research. In spite of this conclusion there is plenty of reason to continue to work on and with the original or modified typologies.
Nous présentons un état des lieux des débats qui ont entouré la typologie des Etats providences proposée par Esping-Andersen ainsi que des typologies modifiées ou alternatives qui ont été présentées par la suite. Nous nous limiterons aux classifications qui ont été proposées par les critiques du travail d'Esping Andersen qui visaient à dépasser les «prétendues» limitations de sa typologie.1) une mauvaise spécification des Etats Providence méditerranéens comme des Etats providences continentaux inachevés 2) la labelisation des Etats providences des Antipodes comme appartenant au régime de type «libéral» 3) la non prise en compte de l'effet «genre» dans les politiques sociales. Nous avons reconstruit différentes typologies d'Etats Providences afin d'établir, tout d'abord si la réalité des Etats Providences est unique ou si certains sont fort semblables et ensuite s'il existe trois idéal type d'Etats providences ou davantage?
Nous sommes arrivé à la conclusion que: premièrement les Etats providences réels sont rarement des cas purs mais constituent bien plus des hybridations. En deuxième lieu, on ne peut répondre de manière satisfaisante à la question de savoir le nombre d'idéal types d'Etats Providences du fait de l'absence de théorisation adéquate et parce que les résultats des recherches comparatives ne permettent pas de conclure dans un sens ou un autre. Troisièmement, en dépit de cette conclusion, il existe de multiples raisons pour continuer à travailler sur et à partir des typologies originales ou modifiées.
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