Benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the imperial harbor of Claudius (Rome): Further paleoenvironmental and geoarcheological evidences

This paper presents a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of historical development in the area of the ancient harbor of Claudius based on micropaleontological and sedimentological data. Benthic foraminifera are reliable tools for this kind of research because they are sensitive to short-time environmental changes induced by both natural and anthropogenic events. By studying eight sediment cores collected from different sections of the harbor, it was possible to reconstruct a comprehensive picture of the harbor complex. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of foraminiferal associations and sedimentological data, along with radiocarbon dating, were useful to identify three key intervals in the history of the coastal area where the harbor developed. The first interval, located at the bottom of all cores, is characterized by a brackish water environment, corresponding to the formation of the first deltaic cusp of the Tiber River. The second interval is characterized by the harbor activities that developed after a general increase in water depth due to a diversion of the Tiber River mouth. The third interval marks the final phase of harbor activities and the subsequent filling of Claudius’ basin. However, a link with the inner Trajanus’ basin was maintained via the central part of the basin, which remained submerged longer, until the early Middle Ages.