The governments of the Basque Country and Catalonia in Spain, the most industrialized
regions in Spain and the most active in demanding political selfgovernment, were
among the first to develop industrial cluster policies. The concrete application and
further evolution of these policies have been rather different. The main reason for
this has been the particular social structures and dynamics of their respective
regional industrial-business systems, composed of distinctive socio-business
communities, industrial groupings, and industry associative systems. In the Basque
case, the main policy result has been the constitution of 11 cluster-associations of
the whole Basque Autonomous Community as long-term and broad
public–private cooperation arrangements at industry level. In the Catalan
case, the policy has resulted mainly in short-term and specific collaborative
processes at local cluster or district level. Despite these differences, both cases
of cluster policies exemplify the construction of
‘government–industry’ collaboration at the
subnational-state regional level, within the emerging decentralized
socio-institutional system in the Spanish industrial economy.
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