Hidden Brain Anatomy in Peter Paul Rubens’s Copy of “The Battle of Anghiari” by Leonardo da Vinci: “The Battle of Anghiari” and Brain Anatomy

The object of this article is a drawing by Peter Paul Rubens, a copy of “The Battle of Anghiari” by Leonardo da Vinci in 1503–1506. This work, created in 1603, was based on an engraving of 1553 by Lorenzo Zacchia, which was taken from a cartoon by Leonardo da Vinci. The original fresco itself is lost. The analysis of the drawing shows that the Peter Paul Rubens’s copy of “The Battle of Anghiari” by Leonardo da Vinci, which was created six centuries ago, includes double content. The drawing depicting the battle secretly describes the three-dimensional image of the brain.