A Multicenter,Open-Label Trial to Evaluate the Quality of Life in Adults With ADHD Treated With Long-Acting Methylphenidate (OROS MPH)

Abstract

The available literature provides few studies on the effectiveness of methylphenidate in improving quality of life in individuals with ADHD. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Methyphenidate OROS formulation (OROS MPH) through QoL in adults with ADHD. Method: A 12-week, multicenter, open-label trial involving 60 patients was used. The measures used were Adult Self-Rating Scale, Adult ADHD Quality of Life Scale (AAQoL), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and safety measures. A significance statistic level of 5% was adopted. Results: Analyses included 60 patients (66.7% male; M age = 31.1 years) for safety and 58 patients for effectiveness. All AAQoL subscales improved from baseline to Week 12 (p < .0001), as well as the Total AAQoL (p < .0001). A significant reduction on Clinical Global Impression–Improvement (CGI-I), HAM-D, STAI, and ASRS scores was observed (p < .0001). No serious adverse event was reported. Conclusion: Treatment of adult ADHD patients with OROS MPH improves QoL.

Keywords

ADHD adult ADHD stimulants

Introduction

ADHD is one of the most common mental disorders in adulthood, affecting up to 4.5% of North American individuals (Kessler et al., 2006). ADHD symptoms are associated with a wide range of impairments over life course (Knouse et al., 2008) and individuals presenting more symptoms present worse indicators of global functioning and greater functional impairment. Adults with ADHD have lower levels of quality of life (QoL; Able, Johnston, Adler, & Swindle, 2007). However, generic QoL scales—such as SF-36—may not correlate to symptoms of a specific disorder such as ADHD, indicating the need for specific QoL instruments (Adler et al., 2006). Brod, Johnston, Able, and Swindle (2006) validated the Adult ADHD Quality of Life Scale (AAQoL), a Likert-type scale consisting of 29 items distributed in the following four subscales: Productivity (11 items), Psychological Health (6 items), Life Perspectives (7 items), and Relationships (5 items). This questionnaire has been translated to Portuguese and validated for use in Brazil by Mattos, Coutinho et al. (2011) and Mattos et al., (2011). Brod et al. demonstrated that individuals with ADHD had worse QoL scores when compared with controls and subthreshold groups (below Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994]–suggested cutoff points). There was a negative correlation between Adult-Self Report Scale (ASRS) scores and QoL, with more severe symptoms of ADHD associated with lower levels of QoL.

Some studies have demonstrated that psychopharmacological treatments may improve QoL of ADHD individuals (Adler et al., 2006; Goodman, Ginsberg, Weisler, Cutler, & Hodgkins, 2005), but those findings need to be replicated in other sociocultural and socioeconomic contexts, like Brazil. Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly prescribed stimulant drug for ADHD in Brazil. Treatment with stimulants, such as MPH, has shown to improve symptoms of ADHD in children and in adults (Mattos, Palmini, et al., 2006). A recent longitudinal study showed that individuals with ADHD treated since childhood had better measures of QoL and social and psychological functioning in adulthood, suggesting that treatment with stimulants may improve QoL (Goksoyr & Nottestad, 2008).

Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of long-acting MPH through the impact on QoL in adults with ADHD in a 12-week follow-up study. Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that treatment with long-acting MPH (OROS MPH) would improve QoL scores of individuals with ADHD.

Method

This was a Phase IV, multicenter, open-label, 12-week, follow-up study conducted in Brazil. We included individuals of both genders with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-IV criteria, aged 18 to 65 years old.

No participant had been treated with psychostimulants during the 4 weeks prior to the first visit. After having been diagnosed and considered eligible, the individuals were informed about the trial and signed an informed consent form. All individuals were interviewed with an adapted version of Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children, Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL; Grevet et al., 2005) to investigate present and past ADHD symptomatology. The onset of at least some of the symptoms must have been before the age of 7. Individuals with comorbid mood disorders, autism or Asperger’s syndrome, Tourrette’s syndrome, mental retardation, substance abuse, clinical unstable disorders, or Hamilton’s Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) suicide item higher than 2 were excluded from the study. Assessments included Adult Self-Report Scale (Mattos, Segenreich, et al., 2006) of ADHD symptoms (ASRS) to evaluate ADHD symptoms, AAQoL, Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression–Improvement (CGI-I); State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and HAM-D. Participants started with 18 mg of long-acting formulation of MPH (OROS MPH) once a day (in the morning). After 8 days, the dose was increased, and participants were maintained on 36 mg for the following 20 days. If necessary, and depending on therapeutic response, the dose could be increased to 54 mg (Day 28) and to a maximum dose of 72 mg (2 capsules of 36 mg) on Day 56 to reach the optimum dose for each participant. Sample size was calculated using two-sided paired t test (with baseline and final visit measures being considered the dependent samples), based on the effect size of MPH on ADHD symptoms (Faraone, Spencer, Aleardi, Pagano, & Biederman, 2004), considering an alpha of 5% and a beta of 20%. The study sample consisted of 60 patients [sample intention to treat (ITT) ITTs]. All patients who received OROS MPH in at least one occasion and provided ≥ 1 measure post baseline of efficacy were included in the efficacy data analysis (ITTe). The efficacy was evaluated through the mean change from the baseline on ADHD Self-Report Scale and on AAQoL.

The overall severity and change in severity of ADHD were assessed with CGI, which includes scales for Global Severity (1 = not ill to 7 = extremely ill) and Global Improvement (1 = very much improved to 7 = very much worse).

The changes in comorbid anxiety or depressive symptoms were measured as mean change from baseline on STAI and HAM-D scores.

The analysis of variance technique was applied to longitudinal data using a mixed linear model with week of treatment as a fixed effect and the presence of significant effect of factor differences between weeks were located by contrasts. Statistical tests for differences between the outcome (last visit) and the baseline were interpreted at a level of significance of 5%.

The study was approved by Ethics and Research Committees of all sites involved.

Results

Our sample initially comprised 62 ADHD-diagnosed individuals according to strict DSM-IV criteria. Two individuals were excluded from the analysis due to lack of adherence. Our final sample comprised 60 individuals. The profile of the final sample is described in Table 1 . From this sample, 2 individuals were not evaluated for efficacy. One of the individuals was not included because of comorbid bipolar disorder and the other one dropped out of the study without any assessment. The efficacy analysis set comprised 58 individuals who completed the study. The mean dose of the drug on Week 8 was 56.1 mg/day, with a minimum dose of 36 mg/day and a maximum dose of 72 mg/day.

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of the Sample (N = 60).

Characteristics	M ± SD, n (%)
Age in years (±SD)	31.1 (9.6)
Gender
Female, n (%)	20 (33.3)
Male, n (%)	40 (66.7)
Race
Caucasian, n (%)	52 (86.7)
Other, n (%)	8 (13.3)

The sample for safety analysis comprised 60 patients who received the study drug for at least one dose and provided at least one measure post baseline of safety. Three patients withdrew before the end of the study due to the occurrence of adverse events including diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, and insomnia (1 patient); loss of appetite, dry mouth, and insomnia (1 patient); anxiety (1 patient). No severe adverse events were reported in any of the site throughout the study. Most adverse events were reported unevenly during the 12 weeks, often present in one visit but not in the others. The most common adverse events considered by the physician as probable or very probable related to the drug reported on Week 12 were decreased appetite (25%), dry mouth (16.7%), headache (11.7%), irritability (5%), and insomnia (5%).

ADHD symptom severity improved with the ASRS scores (total, inattention, and hyperactivity) significantly reduced from baseline at the consecutive evaluations at Weeks 4, 8, and 12 ( Figure 1 ).

Figure 1.

Changes in ASRS scores along the weeks.

We also found significant improvements from baseline in AAQoL both on total score as well as on each subscale (p < .0001 for all comparisons; see Figure 2 ).

Figure 2.

Mean change of AAQoL scores along the weeks.

Scores of CGI also improved across weeks ( Figure 3 ). HAM-D and STAI scores also improved (Figures 4 and 5). HAM-D was administered on Week 2 because we aimed to exclude, at the screening phase, patients whose QoL could be impaired by the presence of depressive symptomatology, even if it was considered comorbid with ADHD. CGI was also administered on Week 2 because we wished to include only patients with a significant impairment, as suggested by DSM-IV. All statistical analyses for CGI and HAM-D were performed considering Week 2 as baseline for those reasons.

Figure 3.

Mean change of CGI along the weeks.

Figure 4.

Mean change of HAM-D along the weeks.

Figure 5.

Mean change of STAI along the weeks.

Discussion

This is the first Brazilian study in adults with ADHD assessing the effectiveness of a psychostimulant on QoL variables. AAQoL is the only instrument available in our country to specifically assess QoL of individuals with ADHD. Only one study addressed the effectiveness of long-acting MPH in Brazil, but this study comprised a sample of adolescents with substance use disorder and did not investigate measures of QoL (Szobot et al., 2008). Given the evidence of lower levels of QoL among adults with ADHD when compared to non-ADHD controls (Able et al., 2007), it is important to evaluate how individuals might benefit from stimulant treatment considering the burden in various aspects of the everyday life. The assessment of QoL indicators provides a better understanding of the outcome of many different psychiatric disorders, where correlation between severity of symptoms and the impact on patient’s life is uncertain, like ADHD (Gathje, Lewandowski, & Gordon, 2008). Findings of sociological studies have demonstrated that many objective factors (education, income, etc.) may be only marginally related to the perception of the quality of the individual’s own life (Gill & Feinstein, 1994).

All QoL indexes measured by the AAQoL in our study improved with stimulant treatment: productivity, psychological health, relationships, and life perspectives. Symptoms of ADHD (total, inattention, and hyperactivity) evaluated by the ASRS, improved with the 12-week use of long-acting MPH as well as CGI scores. All but one individual who started the study completed all visits, which reinforces the advantages of long-acting MPH treatment in terms of adherence.

Although anxiety and depression are possible side effects related to the use of MPH, symptoms of anxiety and depression (STAI and HAM-D, respectively) also improved with the treatment with long-acting MPH. It seems reasonable to hypothesize that the decrease of ADHD symptoms, lower levels of functional impairments, and better QoL were responsible for the diminishing anxious and depressive symptomatology. It must be noted that no participant presented major depressive disorder or dysthymia during the study.

Our findings are in accordance with the findings of other studies that revealed that treatment with stimulants improved QoL of adults with ADHD (Able et al., 2007; Goksoyr & Nottestad, 2008). It must be noted that in the aforementioned studies, the improvement of QoL was associated with a decrease of ADHD symptoms due to the effect of the drug treatment. Again, study’s results corroborate the findings above.

Conclusions

This study provides the first evidence of QoL improvement in a Brazilian clinical sample of adults with ADHD treated with long-acting MPH (OROS MPH).

Limitations

We did not study individuals with comorbid substance use or abuse, a common comorbid condition. Also, our design was not double blind, and we did not use a placebo arm. An open-label study without a comparison group cannot determine how much of the change observed is a spontaneous variability of the disorder, how much the placebo effect is, and how much it is attributable to treatment with the active drug. Titration was performed at physician’s discretion and had no connection with prespecified quantified decrease in symptoms; greater improvements might have been seen with a clearer titration schedule.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Paulo Mattos is either an independent consultant, belongs to the advisory board or has received institutional research grant from Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Novartis and Shire.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was funded by Janssen-Cilag Brazil.

Author Biographies

Paulo Mattos, psychiatrist, is Professor of Psychiatry at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil, where he heads the Study Group for Attention-Deficit Disorder (GEDA). He is a researcher at the Institute D’Or of Research and Learning in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Mário Rodrigues Louzã is an assistant Psychiatrist at the Department of Psychiatry of São Paulo University (USP), Brazil

André Luís Fernandes Palmini, neurologist, is Professor at the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where he coordinates projects at the Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER). He is also Head of the Neurology Clinic of São Lucas Hospital in Porto Alegre.

Irismar Reis de Oliveira, psychiatrist and psychotherapist, is Professor at the Post-Graduation Course on Medicine and Health at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.

Fábio Lopes Rocha, psychiatrist, is Head of the Psychiatry Clinic and also coordinates the Post-Graduation Course at the Instituto de Previdência dos Servidores do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil.

References

Able

S. L.

Johnston

J. A.

Adler

L. A.

Swindle

R. W.

(2007). Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 37, 97-107.

Adler

L. A.

Sutton

V. K.

Moore

R. J.

Dietrich

A. P.

Reimherr

F. W.

Sangal

. . .Allen

A. J.

(2006). Quality of life assessment in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26, 648-652.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Brod

Johnston

Able

Swindle

(2006). Validation of the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder quality-of-life scale (AAQoL): A disease-specific quality-of-life measure. Quality of Life Research, 15, 117-129.

Faraone

Spencer

Aleardi

Pagano

Biederman

(2004). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of methylphenidate for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 24-29.

Gathje

R. A.

Lewandowski

Gordon

(2008). The role of impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 529-537.

Gill

T. M.

Feinstein

A. R.

(1994). A critical appraisal of the quality of quality-of-life measurements. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 619-626.

Goksoyr

P. K.

Nottestad

J. A.

(2008). The burden of untreated ADHD among adults: The role of stimulant medication. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 342-346.

Goodman

D. W.

Ginsberg

Weisler

R. H.

Cutler

A. J.

Hodgkins

(2005). An interim analysis of the quality of life, effectiveness, safety and tolerability (QUEST) evaluation of mixed amphetamine salts extended release in adults with ADHD. CNS Spectrums, 10, 26-34.

10.

Grevet

E. H.

Bau

C. H.

Salgado

C. A.

Ficher

Victor

M. M.

Garcia

. . .Belmonte-De-Abreu

(2005). Concordância entre observadores para o diagnóstico em adultos do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e transtorno de oposição desafiante utilizando o K-SADS-E. [Interrater reliability for diagnosis in adults of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder using K-SADS-E] Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 63, 307-310.

11.

Kessler

Adler

Barkley

Biederman

Conners

Demler

. . .Zaslavsky

(2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.

12.

Knouse

L. E.

Mitchell

J. T.

Brown

L. H.

Silvia

P. J.

Kane

M. J.

Myin-Germeys

Kwapil

T. R.

(2008). The expression of adult ADHD symptoms in daily life: An application of experience sampling methodology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 652-663.

13.

Mattos

Palmini

Salgado

C. A.

Segenreich

Grevet

Oliveira

. . .Lima

(2006). Painel brasileiro de especialistas sobre diagnóstico do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos [Brazilian consensus of specialists on the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults]. Rev Psiquiatr RS, 28, 50-60.

14.

Mattos

Segenreich

Dias

G. M.

Nazar

Saboya

Brod

(2011). Construct reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire—AAQoL. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 38(3), 91-96.

15.

Mattos

Segenreich

Dias

G. M.

Nazar

Saboya

Coutinho

Brod

(2011). Semantic validation of the Portuguese version of the Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire—AAQoL. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 38(3), 87-90.

16.

Mattos

Segenreich

Saboya

Louzã

Dias

Romano

(2006). Adaptação transcultural para o português da escala Adult Self Report Scale para avaliação do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos. [Transcultural adaptation of the Adult Self-Report Scale into portuguese for evaluation of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 33, 188-194.

17.

Szobot

C. M.

Rohde

L. A.

Katz

Ruaro

Schaefer

Walcher

. . .Pechansky

(2008). A randomized crossover clinical study showing that methylphenidate-SODAS improves attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with substance use disorder. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 41, 250-257.