The long-run impact of war on international tourism demand: Evidence from the Japanese invasion of China during 1937

Abstract

This Note examines the long-term impact of the Japanese War of Aggression against China on inbound tourists from Japan to Chinese regions. Difference-in-differences estimates reveal that the Chinese regions that suffered more civilian casualty rate due to the Japanese invasion of China during 1937–1945 received fewer inbound tourists from Japan. The bilateral relation, cultural exchanges, and educational programs are confirmed to be essential mechanism variables.

Keywords

inbound tourist flow sino-Japanese conflict diff-in-diff model bilateral relations tourism politics

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Allport

(1954) The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Bocquillon

Doyle

James

, et al. (2024) The effects of wars: lessons from the war in Ukraine. Policy Studies 45(3–4): 261–281.

Cameron

Gelbach

Miller

(2008) Bootstrap-based improvements for inference with clustered errors. The Review of Economics and Statistics 90(3): 414–427.

Che

, et al. (2015) Once an enemy, forever an enemy? The long-run impact of the Japanese invasion of China from 1937 to 1945 on trade and investment. Journal of International Economics 96(1): 182–198.

Chi

(1987) A History of the Investigation of China's Losses during World War II. Taiwan: Academia Historica Press.

Farmaki

(2017) The tourism and peace nexus. Tourism Management 59(1): 528–540.

Hall

(1994) Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Long

(2008) Bilateral trade in the shadow of armed conflict. International Studies Quarterly 52(1): 81–101.

Maoz

(2011) Does contact work in protracted asymmetrical conflict? Appraising 20 years of reconciliation-aimed encounters between Israeli Jews and Palestinians. Journal of Peace Research 48(1): 115–125.

10.

Matthews

(1978) International Tourism: A Political and Social Analysis. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing.

11.

Neumayer

Plümper

(2017) Robustness Tests for Quantitative Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

12.

Okafor

Tan

Khalid

(2021) Does panda diplomacy promote Chinese outbound tourism flows? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 49: 54–64.

13.

Pratt

Liu

(2016) Does tourism really lead to peace? A global view. International Journal of Tourism Research 18(1): 82–90.

14.

Richter

(1983) Tourism politics and political science: a case of not so benign neglect. Annals of Tourism Research 10(3): 313–335.

15.

Silva

JMCS

Tenreyro

(2006) The log of gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics 88(4): 641–658.

16.

J-J

Pham

Dwyer

(2022) Political relations and bilateral tourism demand: the case of China and Japan. International Journal of Tourism Research 24(3): 337–346.

17.

Tajfel

(1978) Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.

18.

Tang

Zhang

(2025) How cultural differences affect outbound tourism demand? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 62: 128–134.

19.

Yang

LS-Z

Yang

, et al. (2023) Political ideological distance and tourism demand: the cultural–political interplay. Annals of Tourism Research 98: 103525.

20.

Zhou

Zhang

Zhou

(2021) Multilateral political effects on outbound tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 88: 103184.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.25 MB

The long-run impact of war on international tourism demand: Evidence from the Japanese invasion of China during 1937–1945

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material