In the past two decades there have been more than 70 published articles that have
segmented tourist samples into clusters. The principal aims of such research are to
understand tourist characteristics better; to identify key variables that predict
tourist behaviour; to assess the value of tourism to an area; to provide knowledge
to help develop facilities in designated areas; and to allow tourism marketing to
plan strategies such as promotion and product development. In contrast, researchers
have appeared to assume that the host population is homogeneous and has a uniform
response to an increase in tourist numbers and to future sustainable tourism within
the community. This research study used multivariate analyses such as factor
analysis and cluster analysis to segment the host community into four distinct
cluster groups on the basis of their positive and negative attitudes. Demographic
variables constituted the cluster base. These four cluster groups differed from each
other on gender ratio, age, life-cycle stage, education, migration status,
occupation and current involvement with tourism. This research highlights differing
attitudes present in various community groups, and explores implications for the
tourist industry.
Krippendorf, J.
(1987) The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of
Leisure and Travel.
Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
.
2.
Sharpley, R.
(1994) Tourism, Tourists and Society.
Huntingdon: ELM
.
3.
Brunt, P.
and
Courtney, P.
(1999)
'Host Perceptions of Sociocultural Impacts'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3):
493–515
.
4.
Upchurch, R.
and
Teivane, U.
(2000)
'Resident Perceptions of Tourism Development in Riga, Latvia'
, Tourism Management, 21(5):
499–507
.
5.
World Tourism Organization
(2004) World Tourism Barometer,
2(3):
33
.
6.
Edgell, D.
(1990) International Tourism Policy.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
.
7.
Lankford, S.
(1994)
'Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Tourism and Rural Regional Development'
, Journal of Travel Research, 32(3):
35–43
.
8.
Hernandez, S.
,
Cohen, J.
and
Garcia, H.
(1996)
'Residents' Attitudes Towards an Instant Resort Enclave'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 23(4):
755–779
.
9.
Tourism Victoria
(2004)
'Economic Contribution of Tourism to Victoria'
, Newsletter, March:
1–4
.
10.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 9 above.
11.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 9 above.
12.
Tourism Victoria
(2002) Strategic Business Plan 2002–2006.
Melbourne: Tourism Victoria
.
13.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 12 above.
14.
Morgan, R.
(2001) 'Discover Your Edge', Roy
Morgan Value Segments,
www.roymorgan.com/products/values-segments/values-segments.cfm, consulted
October 2004.
15.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 12 above.
16.
Inbakaran, R. J.
and
Jackson, M.
(2004) 'A Multivariate Analysis of Resident
Attitudes Towards Tourism Development in Regional Victoria',
in
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,
Arcodia, C.
,
Solnet, D.
and
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(eds) CAUTHE 2004: Creating Tourism Knowledge. Proceedings of the CAUTHE
Conference, CD-ROM.
Brisbane: University of Queensland
.
17.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 12 above.
18.
Inbakaran, R. J.
and
Jackson, M.
(2003) 'Segmenting the Host Community: An
Empirical Analysis of Attitudes Towards Increasing Tourism',
in
Aicken, M.
(ed.) Taking Tourism to the Limits.
Hamilton: University of Waikato
.
19.
Australian Tourism Commission
(2001) Community Attitudes to International Tourism.
Canberra: Australian Tourism Commission
.
20.
Lankford, ref. 7 above.
21.
Upchurch and Teivane, ref. 4 above.
22.
Gursoy, D.
,
Jurowski, C.
and
Uysal, M.
(2001)
'Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1):
79–105
.
23.
Lankford, ref. 7 above.
24.
Murphy, P.
(1980) 'Perceptions and Preferences of
Decision-Making Groups in Tourist Centers: A Guide to Planning
Strategy?', in
Hawkins, D.
(ed.) Tourism Planning and Development Issues, pp. 355–355
25.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
26.
Upchurch and Teivane, ref. 4 above.
27.
Gursoy et al., ref. 22 above.
28.
Tye, V.
,
Somnez, S.
and
Sirakaya, E.
(2002)
'Residents' Attitudes Toward Tourism Development'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3):
668–688
.
29.
Weaver, D.
and
Lawton, L.
(2001)
'Resi-dent Perceptions in the Urban-Rural Fringe'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2):
439–458
.
30.
Williams, J.
and
Lawson, R.
(2001)
'Community Issues and Resident Opinions of Tourism'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2):
269–290
.
31.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
32.
Davis, D.
,
Allen, J.
and
Cosenza, A.
(1988)
'Segmenting Local Residents by Their Attitudes, Interests, and
Opinions Toward Tourism'
, Journal of Travel Research, 27(2):
2–8
.
33.
Liu, J.
and
Var, T.
(1986)
'Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism Impacts in Hawaii'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 13(2):
193–214
.
34.
Juroski, C.
and
Gursoy, D.
(2003)
'Distance Effects on Residents' Attitudes Toward Tourism'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2):
296–312
.
35.
Tosun, C.
(2002)
'Host Perceptions of Impacts: A Comparative Tourism Study'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3):
231–245
.
36.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
37.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
38.
Pizam, A.
(1978)
'Tourism's Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination
Community as Perceived by its Residents'
, Journal of Travel Research, 16(4):
8–12
.
39.
Lankford, ref. 7 above.
40.
Gursoy et al., ref. 22 above.
41.
Ap, J.
(1992)
'Residents' Perceptions of Research on the Social
Impacts of Tourism'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4):
665–690
.
42.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
43.
Allen, L.
,
Hafer, H.
,
Long, R.
and
Kiesel-bach, S.
(1988)
'The Impact of Tourism Development on Residents'
Perception of Community Life'
, Journal of Travel Research, 27(1):
16–21
.
44.
Clements, C.
,
Schultz, J.
and
Lime, D.
(1993)
'Recreation, Tourism, and the Local Residents: Partnership or CoExistence?'
, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,
11(2):
78–91
.
45.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
46.
Mansfeld, Y.
(1992)
'Group-Differentiated Perceptions of Social Impacts Related to
Tourism Development'
, Professional Geographer, 44(4):
377–392
.
47.
Stynes, D.
and
Stewart, S.
(1993)
'Tourism Development and Recreation: Some Findings from a Case Study'
, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,
11(4):
30–44
.
48.
Ryan, C.
and
Montgomery, D.
(1994)
'The Attitudes of Bakewell Residents to Tourism and Issues in
Community Responsive Tourism'
, Tourism Management, 15(6):
358–369
.
49.
Lankford, ref. 7 above.
50.
Weaver and Lawton, ref. 29 above.
51.
Belisle, F.
and
Hoy, D.
(1980)
'The Perceived Impact of Tourism by Residents: A Case Study in
Santa Marta, Columbia'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 7(1):
83–101
.
52.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
53.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
54.
Fredline, E.
and
Faulkner, B.
(2000)
'Host Community Reactions: A Cluster Analysis'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3):
763–784
.
55.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
56.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
57.
Ryan and Montgomery, ref. 48 above.
58.
Madrigal, R.
(1995)
'Residents' Perceptions and the Role of Government'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1):
86–102
.
59.
Weaver and Lawton, ref. 29 above.
60.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
61.
Fredline and Faulkner, ref. 54 above.
62.
Madrigal, ref. 58 above.
63.
Fredline and Faulkner, ref. 61 above.
64.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
65.
Diaz-Martin, A.
,
Iglesias, V.
,
Vazquez, R.
and
Ruiz, A.
(2000)
'The Use of Quality Expectations to Segment a Service Market'
, Journal of Services Marketing, 14(2):
132–146
.
66.
Mill, R.
and
Morrison, A.
(1998) The Tourism System, 3rd edn.New York: Kendall/Hunt Publishing
.
67.
Coakes, S.
and
Steed, L.
(1999) SPSS: Analysis Without Anguish (Version 10).
Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia
.
68.
Belisle and Hoy, ref. 51 above.
69.
Weaver and Lawton, ref. 29 above.
70.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
71.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
72.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
73.
Pizam, ref. 38 above.
74.
Hernandez et al., ref. 8 above.
75.
Haralambopoulos, N.
and
Pizam, A.
(1996)
'Perceived Impacts of Tourism: The Case of Samoa'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3):
503–526
.
76.
Lankford, ref. 7 above.
77.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
78.
Sadava, S.
and
McCreary, D.
(1997) Applied Social Psychology. Upper Saddle
River,
NJ: Prentice-Hall
.
79.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
80.
Mansfeld, ref. 46 above.
81.
Stynes and Stewart, ref. 47 above.
82.
Ryan and Montgomery, ref. 48 above.
83.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
84.
Liu and Var, ref. 33 above.
85.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
86.
Weaver and Lawton, ref. 29 above.
87.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
88.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above
89.
Ryan and Montgomery, ref. 48 above.
90.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
91.
Davis et al., ref. 32 above.
92.
Ryan and Montgomery, ref. 48 above.
93.
Weaver and Lawton, ref. 29 above.
94.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
95.
Ryan and Montgomery, ref. 48 above.
96.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
97.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
98.
Pizam, ref. 38 above.
99.
Brunt and Courtney, ref. 3 above.
100.
Williams and Lawson, ref. 30 above.
101.
Pizam, ref. 38 above.
102.
Tourism Victoria, ref. 9 above.
103.
Fishbein, M.
and
Ajzen, I.
(1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behaviour: An
Introduction to Theory and Research.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
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