A new ‘whole-life’ pavement performance model (WLPPM), which is capable of making deterministic pavement damage predictions due to realistic traffic and environmental loading, has been developed. A vehicle simulation is used to generate dynamic tyre forces that are a function of distance along the road. These dynamic tyre forces are then combined with the appropriate pavement primary response influence functions (stress, strain and displacement) to give primary response histories at regularly spaced points along the pavement. The primary response histories are then transformed into pavement damage (fatigue and permanent deformation) using an appropriate damage model. The result is an increment of damage at each point along the pavement due to a single vehicle pass. The pavement surface profile is then updated to reflect permanent deformation damage and the layer material parameters are changed to reflect fatigue damage. The procedure is then repeated for the next vehicle pass. Particular attention is given to modelling strength variations in the pavement and dynamic tyre forces.
The model is used to investigate the relationship between ‘hot spots’ (due to peak dynamic loads), ‘weak spots’ (due to initial pavement stiffness variations) and long-term pavement damage.
CollopA. C.Effects of traffic and temperature on flexible pavement wear. PhD Thesis, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 1994.
2.
BrademeyerB. D.DelatteN. J.MarkowM. J.Analysis of moving dynamic loads on highway pavements. Part II: pavement response. Proceedings of International Symposium on Heavy vehicle weights and dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 1986.
3.
O'ConnellS.AbboE.HedrickK.Analyses of moving dynamic loads on highway pavements. Part I: vehicle response. Proceedings of International Symposium on Heavy vehicle weights and dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 1986.
4.
CebonD.Vehicle-generated road damage: a review. Veh. System Dynamics, 1989, 18(1–3), 107–150.
5.
PapagiannakisA. T.HaasR. C. C.WoodrooffeJ. H. F.LeblancP. A.Impact of roughness-induced dynamic load on flexible pavement performance. First International Symposium on Surface characteristics, Pennsylvania State College, 1988 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
6.
UllidtzP.LarsenB. K.Mathematical model for predicting pavement performance. Transp. Res. Rec. TRB, 1983, 949, 45–55.
7.
UllidtzP.StubstadR. N.Modelling of pavement performance. Seventh International Conference on Asphalt pavements, Nottingham, 1992.
8.
UllidtzP.Mathematical model of pavement performance under moving wheel load. Presented at Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C.1993.
9.
UllidtzP.Pavement analysis. In Developments in civil engineering, Vol. 19, 1987 (Elsevier, Oxford).
10.
KujalaK.Frost action and the mechanical properties of an artificially frozen test plot. Twelfth International Conference on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1989.
11.
SlungaE.SaarelainenS.Determination of frost-susceptibility of soil. Twelfth International Conference on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1989.
12.
BarberE.Calculation of maximum pavement temperatures from weather reports. Highway Research Board Bulletin 1681957.
13.
GeorgeK. P.HusainS.Thickness design for flexible pavement: a probablistic approach. Transp. Res. Rec., 1986, 1095, 27–36.
14.
RobsonJ. D.Road surface description and vehicle response. Int. J. Veh. Des., 1979, 1(1), 25–35.
15.
CebonD.NewlandD. E.The artificial generation of road surface topography by the inverse FFT method. Proceedings of 1993 Eighth IAVSD Symposium on The dynamics of vehicles on roads and on railway tracks, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994 (Swets and Zeitlinger).
16.
SayersM. W.GillespieT. D.PatersonW. D. O.Guidelines for conducting and calibrating road roughness measurements. World Bank technical paper 461986.
17.
HardyM. S. A.CebonD.An investigation of anti-lock braking systems for heavy goods vehicles. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D (in preparation).
18.
ColeD. J.Measurement and analysis of dynamic tyre forces generated by lorries. PhD Thesis, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 1990.
19.
ColeD. J.CebonD.Validation of an articulated vehicle simulation. Veh. System Dynamics, 1992, 21, 197–223.
20.
CebonD.Interaction between heavy vehicles and roads. SAE SP-951, 930001, 1993.
21.
ColeD. J.CebonD.Truck suspension design to minimise road damage. Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, technical report CUED/C-MECH/TR641994.
22.
HardyM. S. A.The response of flexible pavements to dynamic tyre forces. PhD Thesis, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 1990.
23.
HardyM. S. A.CebonD.The importance of speed and frequency in flexible pavement response. ASCE J. Engng Mechanics, 1994, 120(3), 463–482.
24.
KenisW. J.SherwoodJ. A.McMahonT. F.Verification and application of the VESYS structural subsystem. Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on The structural design of asphalt pavements, Vol. 1, 1982, pp. 333–345.
25.
GillespieT. D.KaramihasS. M.CebonD.SayersM. W.NasimM. A.HansenW.EhsanN.Effects of heavy vehicle characteristics on pavement response and performance. Transportation Research Board, NCHRP report 3531993.
26.
YapP.Truck tire types and road contact pressures. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Heavy vehicle weights and dimensions, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 1989.
27.
BrownS. F.BruntonJ. M.An introduction to the analytical design of bituminous pavements, 3rd edition. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham1992.
28.
Anon. Residential course on bituminous pavements: materials, design and evaluation. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham1992.
29.
BrownS. F.Material characteristics for analytical pavement design. In Developments in highway pavement engineering (Ed. PellP. S.), Vol. 1, 1978, Ch. 2 (Applied Science Publishers, London).
30.
PowellW. D.PotterJ. F.MayhewH. C.NunnM. E.The structural design of bituminous roads. Transport and Road Research Laboratory report LR 11321984.
31.
Anon. AASHTO guide for design of pavement structures, Vol. 1, 1986 (American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials).
32.
BellC. A.AbWahabY.KliewerJ. E.SosnovskeD.WeiderA.Aging of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Seventh International Conference on Asphalt pavements, Nottingham, 1992.
33.
RobertsonR. E.BranthaverJ. F.PlancherH.DuvallJ. J.EnsleyE. K.HarnsbergerP. M.PetersonJ. C.Chemical properties and their relationships to pavement performance. Ass. Asphalt Paving Technologists, 1991, 60, 413–436.
34.
VerhasseltA. F.ChoquetF. S.Comparing field and laboratory ageing of bitumens on a kinetic basis. Presented at the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C.1993.
35.
SalterR. J.Highway design and construction, 1988 (Macmillan Education, Basingstoke).
36.
CollopA. C.CebonD.A theoretical analysis of fatigue cracking in flexible pavements. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Part C, 1995, 209(C5), 345–361.
37.
ChuaK. H.KiureghianA.MonismithC. L.Stochastic model for pavement design. ASCE J. Transp. Engng, 1992, 118(6), 769–786.
38.
RaadL.MarhamoL. K.Evaluation of two-layer pavements using dimensional analysis. Transp. Res. Rec., 1992, 1307, 99–110.
39.
CooperK. E.PellP. S.The effect of mix variables on the fatigue strength of bituminous materials. Transport and Road Research Laboratory report 6331974.
40.
BrownS. F.BruntonJ. M.StockA. F.The analytical design of bituminous pavements. Proc. ICE, 1985, 79, 1–31.
41.
CollopA. C.CebonD.HardyM. S. A.A visco-elastic approach to rutting in flexible pavements. ASCE J. Transp. Engng, January 1995, 121(1), 82–93.
42.
Anon. A guide to the structural design of pavements for new roads. Road Research Laboratory, Road note 291970.
43.
BrownS. F.BruntonJ. M.Improvements to pavement subgrade strain criterion. ASCE J. Transp. Engng, 1984, 110(6), 551–567.
44.
KinderD. F.LayM. G.Review of the Fourth Power Law. ARRB internal report AIR000–2481988.
45.
PeattieK. R.Flexible pavement design. In Developments in highway pavement engineering (Ed. PellP. S.), Vol. 1, 1978 (Applied Science Publishers, London).
46.
WolffH.VisserA. T.Incorporating elasto-plasticity in granular layer pavement design. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Transp., November 1994, 105, 259–272.
47.
CroneyD.Is the measured deflection of a flexible pavement a reliable guide to life prediction and overlay design? Highways, 1990, 58 (Part 1968), 24–26.
48.
KennedyC. K.FevreP.ClarkeC. S.Pavement deflection: equipment for measurement in the United Kingdom. Transport and Road Research Laboratory report 8341978.
49.
WangM. C.LarsonT. D.Use of road rater deflections in pavement evaluation. Transp. Res. Rec., 1978, 666, 129–150.
50.
Johnson-ClarkJ. R.VertessyN. J.FosseyD. W.SmithP. B.SharpK. G.Data report on testing of full depth asphalt pavements: Mulgrave ALF trial. Australian Road Research Board Research report ARR209, 1991.
51.
KadarP.The performance of overlay treatments and modified binders under accelerated full-scale loading—the Callington ALF trial. Australian Road Research Board, Research report ARR 1981991.
52.
MaserK. R.RichterC.Ground penetrating radar surveys to characterize pavement layer thickness variations at GPS sites. Presented at Transportation Research Board Seventy-second Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C.1993.
53.
LivnehM.SiddiquiH. M.Assessment of radar technology for determining the thickness of pavement layers. Seventh International Conference on Asphalt pavements, Nottingham, 1992.
