Effects of non-elastic taping on the kinematics of the lower extremities during overhead squat in subjects with dynamic knee valgus

Abstract

BACKGROUD:

The control of hip and ankle joint movement is important for patients with dynamic knee valgus (DKV), but few studies have used non-elastic taping (NET) to adjust alignment of the hip and ankle joints during overhead squat (OHS) simultaneously in patients with DKV.

OBJECTIVE:

We investigated changes in lower extremity joint kinematics and dynamic balance after the application of NET to the hip and ankle joints during OHS.

METHODS:

A total of 30 DKV patients participated in this study. We determined the kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and scores on the lower quarter Y-balance test (YBT-LQ) during OHS under three conditions (non-taping, NET on hip and ankle, and sham taping).

RESULTS:

Hip internal rotation, knee valgus, and the ankle dorsiflexion angle were significantly lower with NET than with non- or sham taping. The hip flexion angle and scores on the YBT-LQ were significantly greater with NET than with non- or sham taping.

CONCLUSIONS:

The application of NET while performing a OHS is a useful method for correcting lower extremity alignment in patients with DKV, however, application of NET on the ankle should be considered.

Keywords

Balance knee valgus overhead squat taping

1. Introduction

The overhead Squat (OHS) represents part of many functional movements [1], and it demonstrates lower extremity mobility and core stability, along with upper and lower extremity function in the symmetrical posture of closed kinetic chain (CKC) [2, 3], and active individuals need the basic elements of OHS [1]. It is used to assess the quality of movement and is proposed as a functional screening tool to identify abnormal movements [2, 3, 4]. It is possible to predict individual musculoskeletal damage with useful information through this [5, 6]. During OHS, faulty movement patterns such as shoulder flexion, lumbar flexion and knee valgus may be identified [1, 7].

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is an abnormal lower extremity movement pattern in which the center of the patella moves more medially than the first metatarsophalangeal during weight bearing [8]. Dynamic knee valgus is a combination of hip adduction, hip internal rotation, and tibial external rotation in the frontal plane [9]. It is also caused by ankle pronation, which is a compensatory movement due to limited ankle dorsiflexion [10]. Dynamic knee valgus has been reported to be negatively correlated with the Star excursion balance test [11] and it was reported that subjects with knee valgus had a larger valgus angle in the balance test than normal subjects [12]. Dynamic knee valgus is a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament sprain, knee osteoarthritis, medial collateral ligament injury, meniscus tear, and patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) [13]. Thus reduction of dynamic knee valgus is necessary during movement.

In order to reduce DKV, reduction of hip internal rotation and adduction angle and increase of ankle dorsiflexion are required, and these interventions include hip muscle strength exercise, ankle dorsiflexion mobilization, and taping [14, 15, 16]. Among the intervention methods for reduction of DKV, non-elastic taping (NET) may be used to control movement of the hip and ankle joints. Non-elastic taping can improve joint rearrangement conditions during exercise and increase joint mobility ranges due to its non-stretching characteristics [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Non-elastic taping is used to reduce excessive internal rotation during squatting, and the results in patients with knee pain show a significant decrease in hip joint internal rotation angle during squat [22]. The use of NET for ankle joints is intended to increase dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. In patients with limited ankle dorsiflexion, passive range of motion during walking improved when NET was applied in combination with gastrocnemius stretching [17, 18] and when NET was applied and then gaited [19, 21].

Non-elastic taping may reduce excessive internal rotation of the hip joint and increase dorsiflexion of the ankle joint [17, 18, 19, 21, 22]. This may in turn reduce DKV during OHS in patients with excessive knee valgus; however, no studies have been performed to date. In addition, although controlling movement of the hip and ankle joints is effective for DKV, few studies have used this intervention for both joints simultaneously.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the kinematics of the lower extremities when NET was applied to the hip and ankle joints in subjects with DKV performing OHS.

Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the subjects

Characteristic	Mean $\pm$ SD	Maximal	Minimal
Age (years)	30.93 $\pm$ 9.12	39	21
Height (cm)	169 $\pm$ 5.21	174	164
Weight (Kg)	68.91 $\pm$ 10.92	79	58

SD: standard deviation.

2. Methods

2.1 Subjects

This study was crossover design and conducted on 30 adults with DKV, who were included when knee valgus angle of dominant leg was exceed 13 degrees during OHS [15]. The dominant leg was defined as the leg with which a ball was kicked. The demographic characteristics of the subjects are summarized in Table 1. Those who had experienced lower extremity surgery, a neurological disorder, skin disease, hip and knee joint reconstruction, or who could not perform OHS were excluded. All study participants were provided with a description of the experimental method and purpose of the study and voluntarily agreed to participate. This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Bioethics Committee of Gaya University Medical College (KAYA IRB – 364).

The statistical package G*Power 3 was used to calculate the sample size for this study. The results of the power analysis (mean difference: 9.68, standard deviation: 1.24) indicated that at least 16 participants were required to detect a difference in Y-balance scores [15], using a two-tailed test with a power of 0.80 and an $\alpha$ level of 0.05.

2.2 Procedure

Before performing the OHS and dynamic balance test, all subjects completed information questionnaire report related to demographic variables. The OHS and dynamic balance test were performed under three conditions of taping; non-taping (NT), NET, and sham taping (ST). Overhead Squat was performed first, followed by YBT 10 minutes later, and both tests were performed randomly using an Excel program. Overhead Squat and dynamic balance test were randomly performed using an Excel program.

2.3 Kinematics of the lower extremities

Figure 1.

Attatchment of inertial measurement unit for assessment of lower extremity kinematics.

The MyoMotion (Noraxon Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA) 3D motion analysis system was used to investigate kinematic variables of the lower extremities during OHS. A small inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to a body segment tracked the 3D angular orientation. The IMU sensors, attached to two adjacent body segments, calculate the joint range of motion between these segments. The IMU sensors transmit movement of the body directly to the MyoMotion receiver to quantify angular changes in the selected body segments. In addition, the 3D rotation angle of each sensor in space was measured using information from the 3D accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. The system is completely wireless and does not require calibration of the measurement space. The IMU sensors, attached with special fixation straps (pelvic) and elastic straps, can be placed with 16 joint segments according to the body model, as suggested in the MR3 software (Noraxon Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA). For lower extremity assessment, IMU sensors were attached to the foot (top of the upper surface of the foot, slightly below the ankle), shank (frontal surface of the tibia), thigh (frontal attachment to the lower quadrant of the quadriceps), and sacrum (Fig. 1). Calibration was carried out using the upright position to determine the value of 0^∘ in the lower extremity joint, and IMU sensor calibration for the body position was performed before every measurement. The sampling frequency of the IMU sensor was set to 200 Hz, and the change in angle of the lower extremity joint during the OHS was measured. During the OHS, the positive values of the angles, depending on the joint and axes of the hip joint (long, transverse, and sagittal axes), knee joint (transverse axis), and ankle joint (long, transverse, and sagittal axes) correspond to flexion, abduction, external rotation, dorsiflexion, and inversion. The angular velocity of these joints was a vector value representing the distance (angle) over time. Previous studies reported that the reliability of the IMU system (0.81–0.97) was excellent [23].

2.4 Dynamic balance test

To evaluate dynamic balance, the lower quarter Y-balance test (YBT-LQ) was conducted using a Y-Balance Test Kit (Functional Movement Systems, Chatham, VA, USA). Before evaluation, the leg length on the test side was measured. With the subject lying in a comfortable position, the examiner measured the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus using a tape measure. After the examiner showed a demonstration of the YBT-LQ, the test was performed. The participant placed the test side leg on the platform in the middle of the test kit and stretched it in three directions (anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial) while maintaining a standing posture with the non-test side leg, and the distance reached was measured by the examiner. A total of three measurements were taken to record the value of the furthest distance, and the values reached in the three directions were added, to calculate their ratio to the length of the lower extremity for data processing. During the test, if the support leg fell off the platform, the extended leg touched the ground, or the patient could not return to the starting position after extending the leg, the test was regarded as a failure and was measured again (Cook, 2010). Lower quarter Y-balance test was performed three times, with a rest period of 10 seconds between each YBT-LQ, and a rest period of 5 minutes between trials. In previous studies, the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the YBT-LQ was high [24, 25].

2.5 Overhead squat

All OHS were performed with reference to a previous study [2]. Participants practiced for 10 minutes before performing the OHS. They stretched out both arms up to the side of the ears as far as possible, stood with their feet shoulder-width apart so that the toes were facing the front, put their heels on the floor, and squatted to the point where their knees were bent 80^∘ as if sitting in a chair. The bar was placed at the point where the knee flexion angle was 80^∘, so that when the hip touched it they returned to the starting position (Fig. 2). The speed of movement was controlled using an 80 bpm metronome, and OHS were performed for two beats, held for two beats, and returned to the starting position for two beats. During the OHS, the heels were kept off the ground. If the shoulder flexion angle decreased, the squat angle was less than 80^∘, or pain occurred, the participant stopped the squat and performed it again. Each participant performed the OHS sequence randomly. Overhead Squat were performed three times, with a rest period of 10 seconds between each OHS, and a rest period of 5 minutes between trials.

Figure 2.

Overhead squat.

2.6 Application of taping

Non-elastic taping (Battlewin tape; Nichiban Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was applied to reduce excessive internal rotation of the hip joint and increase dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. To increase ankle dorsiflexion, participants had talus stability taping applied with reference to previous studies to increase dorsiflexion of the ankle joint [17, 18, 19, 21]. They lowered both lower extremities and sat comfortably on the bed. The foot was placed off the floor, and the examiner held the participant’s talus with both thumbs while the knee joint was flexed to advance the tibia over the foot. The examiner attached 1.8-cm wide rigid strapping tape from the front of the talus to the plantar surface of the heel (Fig. 3A). Non-elastic taping, which is applied to reduce excessive hip internal rotation in the hip joint, referred to the method of previous studies [22, 26]. The participant flexed the test knee by 20^∘ in a standing position, with maximum outward tibiofemoral rotation. The examiner attached 3.8-cm wide NET. The tape was attached while applying an external rotational glide on the tibia up to the neutral rotation position. It was applied spirally from medial to lateral, crossing the posterior of the knee joint, and finishing laterally to the superior aspect of the thigh (Fig. 3A). In the ST condition, they placed their feet comfortably on the floor while sitting in a chair. The examiner used a 3.8 cm wide NET attached it to the femur by wrapping it halfway, and a 1.8 cm NET was attached to the lower part of the tibia by wrapping it halfway (Fig. 3B).

2.7 Statistical analyses

All data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows software (ver. 21.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were conducted to confirm the assumption of a normal distribution. Data are presented as means $\pm$ standard deviations. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in kinematic parameters and YBT-LQ under three conditions (NT, NET, and ST). If any significant differences among the three conditions were detected, a post hoc analysis using the Bonferroni correction was performed. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.

Table 2
Differences in variables between types of taping during overhead squat

	NT	NET	ST	$p$ -value	F
Ankle DF (^∘)	16.07 $\pm$ 5.97	13.98 $\pm$ 5.81	15.14 $\pm$ 6.54	0.03^*	3.58
Knee valgus (^∘)	31.06 $\pm$ 17.21	26.71 $\pm$ 17.83	29.44 $\pm$ 15.45	0.006^*	6.99
Hip flexion (^∘)	95.74 $\pm$ 12.86	100.02 $\pm$ 15.13	96.27 $\pm$ 11.32	0.03^*	4.33
Hip abduction (^∘)	17.48 $\pm$ 12.55	16.58 $\pm$ 10.76	17.09 $\pm$ 8.17	0.80	0.22
Hip IR (^∘)	10.46 $\pm$ 8.15	7.18 $\pm$ 8.76	9.18 $\pm$ 8.27	0.008^*	5.74
YBT-LQ (%leg length)	83.33 $\pm$ 8.09	87.80 $\pm$ 10.34	87.36 $\pm$ 8.69	0.02^*	4.73

^{* p <} 0.05. DF: dorsiflexion, IR: internal rotation, NET: non-elastic taping, NT: non-taping, ST: sham taping, YBT-LQ: lower quarter Y-balance test.

Figure 3.

Application of non-elastic taping in hip and ankle (A) and sham taping (B).

3. Results

Table 3
Comparison of overhead squat types

Variables	Type of comparison	$p$ -value	Effect size
Ankle DF (^∘)	NT vs. NET	0.02^*	0.35
	NT vs. ST	0.242	0.14
	ST vs. NET	0.163	0.19
Knee valgus (^∘)	NT vs. NET	0.02^*	0.24
	NT vs. ST	0.34	0.09
	ST vs. NET	0.04^*	0.16
Hip flexion (^∘)	NT vs. NET	0.04^*	0.3
	NT vs. ST	0.42	0.04
	ST vs. NET	0.22	0.27
Hip abduction (^∘)	NT vs. NET	0.53	0.07
	NT vs. ST	0.79	0.03
	ST vs. NET	0.65	0.11
Hip IR (^∘)	NT vs. NET	0.008^*	0.38
	NT vs. ST	0.23	0.15
	ST vs. NET	0.02^*	0.23
YBT (%leg length)	NT vs. NET	0.04^*	0.47
	NT vs. ST	0.006^*	0.47
	ST vs. NET	0.76	0.04

^*p< 0.05. DF: dorsiflexion, IR: internal rotation, NET: non-elastic taping, NT: non-taping, ST: sham taping, YBT-LQ: lower quarter Y-balance test.

The angle of knee valgus and hip internal rotation were significantly lower during the OHS with NET than the OHS with NT and ST ( $p<$ 0.05, Tables 2 and 3). There was no significant difference between NT and ST ( $p>$ 0.05, Tables 1 and 2). The angle of hip flexion was statistically significantly greater during the OHS with NET than with ST ( $p<$ 0.05, Tables 2 and 3). There was no significant difference between NT and ST ( $p>$ 0.05, Tables 2 and 3). For the angle of ankle dorsiflexion, OHS with NT was significantly greater than OHS with NET ( $p<$ 0.05) and there were no significant differences between ST and NT, and ST and NET ( $p<$ 0.05). No significant difference in the angle of hip abduction was detected between the three groups ( $p>$ 0.05).

The YBT-LQ scores were significantly greater with NET and ST than with NT ( $p<$ 0.05), and there was no significant difference between NET and ST ( $p>$ 0.05, Tables 1 and 2).

4. Discussion

In this study, we investigated kinematic changes in the lower extremities during the OHS after applying NET to the hip and ankle joints of DKV subjects. The results indicate that NET affects knee valgus by reducing hip internal rotation and knee valgus during OHS.

Knee valgus was significantly reduced by 14% when performing OHS with NET compared to NT and ST. Knee valgus is affected by hip internal rotation, so if hip internal rotation is reduced, knee valgus may be reduced. We believe that the knee valgus angle was reduced because the hip internal rotation angle was reduced in OHS with NET. Non-elastic taping applied to the hip joint is a technique used to indirectly correct the movement that causes internal rotation of the hip joint, and thereby reduces internal rotation of the hip joint [26, 27, 28]. Clifford et al. [29] reported that knee valgus and peak hip internal rotation were significantly reduced when NET was applied during single-leg squat compared to without NET in patients with PFPS. Therefore, performing the OHS after NET application can be considered an effective method to reduce knee valgus in DKV subjects.

In our study, when NET was applied to the hip and ankle joints, it was significant that the internal rotation angle of the hip joint was reduced by 31% compared to NT and ST. This can be explained by the direction of application of the non-stretching material of the tape causing restriction and limitation of hip joint internal rotation. Since the tape in NET was spirally attached across from the inside to the outside of the knee, we believe that it prevented the occurrence of hip internal rotation during OHS. Previous studies showed that the application of NET to patients with PFPS caused a significant decrease in the angle of hip internal rotation during squats compared to when the tape was not applied [22, 30]. In this study, when NET was applied to the hip and ankle joints, the angle of hip joint flexion increased significantly compared to NT. This is believed to have resulted in a decrease in the angle of dorsiflexion compared to NT. This reduction is believed to have resulted in an increase in the angle of hip joint flexion by generating compensatory joint moments in the hip [31]. There was no significant difference in the angle of hip joint abduction among the NT, ST, and NET conditions, likely because the tape did not directly affect hip abduction. Non-elastic taping was applied to correct hip joint internal rotation and ankle joint dorsiflexion during squatting. In previous studies, there was no significant difference in hip abduction compared to NT when NET was applied during a single-leg stance (SLS) in patients with PFPS to create knee internal rotation relative to the femur [30].

Ankle dorsiflexion angle was significantly greater with NT than NET. These results do not agree with the results of previous studies that reported that the ankle dorsiflexion angle was increased after NET was applied to the ankle joint [17, 18, 19, 21]. This difference appears to be due to the way the exercises were performed. In previous studies, because the NET was applied during gastrocnemius stretching, this condition means that ankle dorsiflexor would be less contracted [17, 18]. In another study, though NET was applied during dynamic movements such as gait, it was applied to cause talus posterior gliding in a section with minimal contraction of ankle dorsiflexors, such as between mid-stance and just before heel off [19, 21, 32]. However, in this study, NET was applied during OHS, and at this time, ankle dorsiflexor contraction was increased as the OHS angle was increased, it could lead to protrusion of ankle dorsiflexor tendon. Since the area where the NET was applied was just above the dorsiflexor tendon of the ankle, it is thought that this result came about because the protrusion of the tendon due to increased muscle contraction offset the force of the posterior gliding of the talus by the NET.

The YBT-LQ score was significantly greater with NET than with NT. When performing the YBT-LQ, movements in various joints of the lower extremities have an effect. Previous studies reported that the angle of hip flexion correlated with reach distance in all three directions, and other studies reported that hip flexion angle was significantly correlated with reach distance in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions [33]. The kinematics of the lower extremities were not measured directly during the YBT-LQ in this study; however, since the hip flexion angle during the OHS with NET was larger than that with NT, it can be assumed that the hip flexion angle may be larger during the NET than with NT, even when performing a similar movement (YBT). For this reason, the YBT-LQ score is significantly higher during the OHS with NET than with NT.

Various taping methods have been used for DKV patients. In this study, NET was simultaneously applied to the hip and ankle joints of patients with DKV, and the knee valgus angle and hip internal rotation, were significantly improved compared to before applying NET and ST. However, since ankle dorsiflexion was reduced, applying NET to the hip joint during OHS seems to be effective in reducing DKV. The NET used in this study can correct joint alignment during dynamic movements due to its non-stretching properties. Previous reports showing that the knee valgus angle decreased significantly when NET was applied during SLS to PFPS patients compared to when NET was not attached are consistent with our results [22, 30]. It is inexpensive, easy to apply, and can be a useful intervention for reducing the knee valgus angle in DKV patients when performing weight-bearing exercises such an OHS.

Our study had several limitations. First, we could not measure tibial rotation during OHS. Tibial rotation is one risk factor for DKV, but since it was not measured its effect on DKV was not confirmed. Studies that include tibial rotation measurements are needed. Second, this study used a crossover design. There was no long-term follow-up, making it difficult to judge the long-term effects of NET during OHS. Finally, the participants were mostly healthy young patients, so the data cannot be generalized to functionally-restricted or elderly subjects. Thus, additional studies are necessary to supplement our research.

5. Conclusions

We investigated the kinematic changes that occurred in the lower extremities when NET was applied to the hip and ankle joints of patients with DKV performing OHS. Knee valgus and internal rotation of the hip joint were significantly reduced with NET compared with NT and ST, but the ankle joint angle of dorsiflexion was lower. Although application of NET is effective in reducing hip internal rotation as well as knee valgus, the angle of ankle dorsiflexion was reduced. Therefore, application of NET to the hip joint during OHS can be recommended, but application to the ankle should be considered.

Author contributions

CONCEPTION: Won-Young Park Dong-Yun Bae.

PERFORMANCE OF WORK: Da-In An Won-Young Park Dong-Yun Bae Go-Eun Choi.

INTERPRETATION OR ANALYSIS OF DATA: Soo-Yong Kim Hye-Lyeong Yun Jun-Seok Kim.

PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT: Soo-Yong Kim Won-Young Park.

REVISION FOR IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL CONTENT: Yong-Il Shin.

SUPERVISION: Soo-Yong Kim Won-Young Park.

Ethical considerations

Ethical approval of our work was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of Gaya University Medical College (KAYA IRB – 364), and the subjects signed a statement of informed consent prior to participation in this study from September 2022 to February 2023 (a period of 7 months).

Funding

The authors report no funding.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors have no acknowledgments.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

References

Cook

. Movement: functional movement system: screening, assessment, corrective strategies. Aptos: On Target Publication, 2010.

Dinis

Vaz

Silva

Marta

Pezara-Correia

. Electromyographic and kinmatic analysis of females with excessive medial knee diaplacment in the overhead squat. J Electromyogr Kinsiol. 2021; 57: 102530. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102530.

Langdown

Bridge

. The influence of an 8-week strength and corrective exercise intervention on the overhead deep squat and golf swing kinematics. J Strenth and Cond Res. 2022; 37(2): 291-297. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004254.

Bell

Vesci

Distefano

TGuskiewicz

Hirth

Padua

. Muscle activity and flexibility in individuals with medial knee displacement during the overhead squat. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 2012; 4(3): 117-125. doi: 10.3928/19425864-20110817-03.

Cook

Burton

Hoogenboom

. Pre-participation screening: The use of funcdamental movement as an assessment of function-Part 1. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2006; 1(2): 62-72.

Kiesel

Plisky

Voight

. Can serious injury in profession football be predicted by a pre-season functional movement screen? N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2007; 2: 147-158.

Clark

Lucett

Sutton

. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.

Schmidt

Harris-Hayes

Salsich

. Dynamic knee valgus kinematics and their relationship to pain in women with patellofemoral pain compared to women with chronic hip joint pain. J Sport Health Sci. 2019; 8: 486-493. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.08.001.

Besier

Gold

Delp

Fredericson

Beaupre

. The influence of femoral internal and external rotation on cartilage stresses within the patellofemoral joint. J Orthop Res. 2008; 26(12): 1627-1635. doi: 10.1002/jor.20663.

10.

Dill

Begalle

Frank

Zinder

Padua

. Altered knee and ankle kinematics during squatting in those with limited weight bearing-lunge ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. J Athl Train. 2014; 49: 723-732. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.29.

11.

Affandi

Mail

MDZ

Azhar

, Shaharudin. Relationships between core stregth, dynmic balance and knee valgus during single leg squat in male junior athletes. Sains Malaysiana. 2019; 48(10): 2177-2183. doi: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4810-13.

12.

Uebayashi

Akasaka

Tamura

Otsudo

Sawada

Okubo

, et al. Characteristics of trunk and lower limb alignment at maximum reach during the Star Excursion Balance Test in subjects with increased knee valgus during jump landing. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14(1): e0211242. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211242.

13.

Maykut

Taylor-Haas

Paterno

DiCesare

Ford

. Concurrent validity and reliability of 2d kinematic analysis of frontal plane motion during running. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015; 10(2): 136. doi: 10.36106/ijsr/7126114.

14.

Coelho

BAL

Almeida

GPL

João

SMA

. Immediate effect of ankle mobilization on range of motion, dynamic knee valgus, and knee pain in women with patellofemoral pain and ankle dorsiflexion restriction. A randomized controlled trial with 48-hour follow-Up. J Sport Rehabil. 2021; 30(5): 697-706. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2020-.

15.

Saki

Romiani

Ziya

Gheidi

. The effects of gluteus meidus and tibilais anterior kinesio taping on posturalcontrol, knee kinematics, and knee proprioception in female athletes with dynamic knee valgus. Phys Ther Sport. 2022; 53: 84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.010.

16.

Stickler

Finley

Gulgin

. Relationship between hip and core strength and frontal plane alignment during a single leg squat. Phys Ther Sport. 2015; 16(1): 66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.05.002.

17.

Jung

Park

Kim

. The immediate effects of static stretching with talus stability taping on ankle dorsiflexion and balance. PNF and Movement. 2021; 19(1): 87-95.

18.

Jung

Shin

Park

Kim

. Effects of gastrocnemius stretching with talus-stabilizing taping on ankle dorsiflexion and balance in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion: A randomized controlled trial. Isokinetics and Exercise Science. 2022; 30(2): 135-143. doi: 10.3233/ies-210165.

19.

Kang

Kim

Choung

Park

Kwon

. Immediate effect of walking with talus-stabilizing taping on ankle kinematics in subjects with limited ankle dorsiflexion. Phy Ther Sport. 2014; 15(3): 156-161. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.09.001.

20.

Macdonald

. Taping Techniques principles and practice. Second Edition. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

21.

Yoon

Hwang

. Changes in kinetic, kinematic, and temporal parameters of walking in people with limited ankle dorsiflexion: Pre-post application of modified mobilization with movement using talus glide taping. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014: 37(5): 320-325. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.01.007.

22.

Hickey

Hpooer

Hall

. The effect of the mulligan knee taping technique on patellofemoral pain and lower limb biomechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44(5): 1179-1185. doi: 10.1177/0363546516656176.

23.

Mundt

Thomsen

David

Dupré

Bamer

Potthast

, et al. Assessment of the measurement accuracy of inertial sensors during different tasks of daily living. J Biomech. 2019; 84: 81-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.023.

24.

Almeida

GPL

Monteiro

Marizeiro

Maia

Lima

POP

. Y balance test has no correlation with the Stability Index of the Biodex Balance System. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017; 27: 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.11.008.

25.

Plisky

Gorman

Butler

Kiesel

Underwood

Elkins

. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. N A, J Sports Phys Ther. 2009; 4(2): 92-99.

26.

Hadadnezhad

Zarea

Sadeghi Amro

. Immediate effect of Mulligan knee taping on pain, knee dynamic valgus, and landing kinetic in physically active female with patellofemoral pain. J Anesth Pain. 2020; 11(2): 14-25.

27.

Hing

Hall

Rivett

Vicenzino

Mulligan

. The Mulligan Concept of Manual Therapy: Textbook of Techniques. Marrickville: Elsevier; 2015.

28.

Mulligan

. Manual Therapy: NAGS, SNAGS, MWMS. 6th ed. Wellington, New Zealand: Plane View Services Ltd; 2010.

29.

Clifford

Dillon

Hartigan

O’Leary

Constantinou

. The effects of McConnell patellofemoral joint and tibial internal rotation limitation taping techniques in people with Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Gait Posture. 2020; 82: 266-272. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.010.

30.

Mackay

Stearne

Wild

Nugent

Murdock

Mastaglia

Hall

. Mulligan knee taping using both elastic and rigid tape reduces pain and alters lower limb biomechanics in female patients with patellofemoral pain. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020; 8(5): 2325967120921673. doi: 10.1177/.2325967120921673.

31.

Schoenfeld

. Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(12): 3497-3506. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac2d7.

32.

Neumann

. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for rehabilitation. 2nd ed., St. louis Mosby; 2010.

33.

Kang

Kim

Kwon

Weon

. Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test. PM R. 2015; 7(11): 1152-58. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.004.

34.

Robinson

Gribble

. Kinematic predictors of performance on the star excursion balance test. J Sport Rehabil. 2008; 17(4): 347-357. doi: 10.1123/jsr.17.4.347.

Effects of non-elastic taping on the kinematics of the lower extremities during overhead squat in subjects with dynamic knee valgus

Abstract

BACKGROUD:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Keywords

1. Introduction

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the subjects

2.1 Subjects

2.2 Procedure

2.3 Kinematics of the lower extremities

2.5 Overhead squat

2.7 Statistical analyses

Table 2 Differences in variables between types of taping during overhead squat

Table 3 Comparison of overhead squat types

5. Conclusions

Author contributions

Ethical considerations

Funding

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the subjects

Table 2
Differences in variables between types of taping during overhead squat

Table 3
Comparison of overhead squat types