Experimental Biology and Medicine

Calcium disodium EDTA, in total dose of 3 g daily for 4 weeks, had no effect upon serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins of 11 humans.

Simultaneous use of paper electrophoresis and radioactive Vit. B₁₂ permits separation and quantitation of the various B₁₂ binding components present in commercial intrinsic factor concentrates of hog origin. The amount of one particular binder has been found to correlate with the clinical activity of the concentrates as measured by the urinary excretion method of Schilling. This provides the basis for a simple in vitro assay of potency of hog intrinsic factor concentrates ranging in level of activity from 2.0 mg to 75.0 mg. It is predicted that pure hog intrinsic factor will be active clinically at a level of 0.1 mg; calculations suggest that it will bind 23 μg B₁₂/mg and have a molecular weight of 60,000.

A histochemical technic was used to localize the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase system in zones of the adrenal cortex. It was very active in the fascicular and reticular zones. Activity in the glomerulosa was comparatively low. Since this enzyme system may be indirectly influenced by ACTH and is a potential provider of TPNH, a reductant important in steroid synthesis, demonstration of its predominance in a zone where active steroid synthesis is presumed to occur is reasonable and of considerable interest.

Acid in upper small intestine causes immediate inhibition of gastric motility. Sixteen dogs were prepared with gastric fistula and/or Heidenhain pouch plus a Maydl fistula of upper jejunum. After control studies, the animals were (1) vagotomized; (2) totally sympathectomized; (3) both vagotomized and sympathectomized or (4) celiac ganglionectomized. Inhibitory effect of acid in the jejunum on gastric motility was still present after either or both vagotomy and sympathectomy. However, no inhibition was produced after celiac ganglionectomy. This study indicates the pathway for enterogastric reflex is through the post ganglionic sympathetics.

Rate of formation and release of poliovirus Type 1 were studied at 32° and 37°C in FL cell cultures. Virus accumulated almost as rapidly and reached practically the same intracellular levels at 32°C as at 37°C. However, release of virus was much slower at 32° than at 37°C and as a result, at 32°C the intracellular concentration of virus remained at or near peak levels for 4 to 6 hours. From these observations, highly potent virus for use in immunological studies was prepared by mechanical disruption of infected cells maintained at room temperature (26–32°C) for 18–20 hours.

Continuous intracellular growth of virulent Brucella abortus organisms, within mononuclear cells of guinea pigs, by periodic transfer from tissue culture to tissue culture has been accomplished. Comparable continuous growth could not be accomplished using rat-monocyte cultures. Continuous transfers were unsuccessful in the case of rough avirulent organisms in guinea pig- and rat-monocyte cultures. The bearing of these observations upon host and species resistance has been discussed.

Cells of freshly trypsinized monkey kidney and of primary cultures of monkey kidney were preserved by slow freezing in 5% glycerol medium and storage at −75°C. Cultures of thawed cells yielded monolayers that could be directly utilized for virologic work. In these, the cytologic response of plaque morphology due to polioviruses, ECHO, Cox-sackie, measles, herpes simplex, influenza, CA, HA–1, JH, 2060, and adenovirus, as well as assays by tube titration or plaque counts, were equivalent to those produced in unfrozen cells. Moreover, isolations of ECHO 9, Cox-sackie A–9, B–5, and polioviruses, from stools or cerebrospinal fluids were made with equal facility in either type of culture.

1) The effect of NMF on rat liver metabolism has been shown to be qualitatively the same at 2 and 6 hour intervals after administration of the isotope as at 24 hours after administration. 2) The first peak of incorporation of formate into rat liver nucleic acids occurs 2 hours after administration, with a second peak 8 hours or after. Peak of incorporation into intestinal nucleic acids is around 4 hours after administration.

Six rabbits were infected intravenously with a single massive dose of Br. melitensis. Three were treated by subcutaneous administration of streptomycin and tetracycline for 2 weeks and 3 were left untreated. The untreated rabbits developed a markedly increased gamma globulin content in their serum, which was not appreciably changed by absorption with killed whole Br. abortus cells. In addition, the blocking phenomenon was demonstrated in low titers in serum of these rabbits by 29th day of infection. Antibiotic therapy was effective in preventing the rise of gamma globulins and of blocking antibody through the 59th day.

A new type of maternal-fetal incompatibility, not involving erythroblastosis, is demonstrated by reciprocal matings in mice. The conditioning factor is a recessive mutant gene named “hair-loss.” Normal-hair progeny of hair-loss mothers are ordinarily born alive but suffer excessive mortality during first 2 weeks, even when fostered by normal mothers. The syndrome consists of inadequate lung inflation, inferior growth, and fragile bones. Mortality is very high when a previous litter was being raised by the mother during pregnancy, but seems otherwise not related to parity.

(1) A method is described for obtaining a suitably de-afferented preparation with intact brain stem in the unanesthetized cat whose resting EEG pattern is well “deactivated” and ideally suited to pharmacological and neurosurgical analysis of adrenergic and cholinergic components of the “reticular activating system,” free from extraneous pharmacological influences. (2) Preliminary observations with both adrenergic and cholinergic agents suggest that complete temporal independence can be shown between onset and termination of action of “activating” agents introduced directly by intra-innominate administration and vascular effects of these agents as reflected in blood pressure alterations. (3) Advantages of this preparation over those commonly used for drug-induced EEG “activation” are reported. (4) This method currently is being used for further anatomical exploration of adrenergic and cholinergic components of pathways leading to diffuse “activation” of the electro-corticogram, and for studying the influence of psycho-tropic drugs on these systems.

Postradiation administration of cell-free mouse splenic extract to whole body x-irradiated mice (intraperitoneally) and guinea pigs (intramuscularly) did not result in protection against postradiation death. The treated animals died at an accelerated rate when compared to the controls.

A method for measuring activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as a function of suppression of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion is described. Increased excretion of 5-HIAA after 5-hydroxy-tyramine (5-HT) is effectively blocked by orally administered iproniazid, JB-516, and several harmala alkaloids. Correlation of these results with increased brain 5-HT is presented. Instances of non-correlation such as lack of effect of oral harmine on brain 5-HT with concomitant suppression of 5-HIAA excretion are discussed.

Seven plasma-cell neoplasms and 6 fibrosarcomas developed in strain BALB/c mice that carried diffusion chambers in the peritoneal cavity. The diffusion chambers contained mammary tumor tissue obtained from strain C3H mice with the milk agent. Five plasma-cell tumors and all sarcomas were successfully transplanted to strain BALB/c mice. The 2 plasma-cell tumors and the 2 sarcomas transplanted to C3H mice failed to grow.

A feedback mechanism, whereby conjugated bile acids control oxidation of cholesterol in liver, has been discerned in vitro. Addition of cholic acid conjugates depressed oxidation of cholesterol, but not that of sodium pyruvate or 3a, 7a, 12a-trihydroco-prostane, by fortified rat liver mitochondrial preparations. Preparations from livers of rats, deprived of bile salts by interruption of enterohepatic circulation, oxidized cholesterol to a greater extent than controls. The site of action of the feedback effect is discussed briefly.

A method has been described for estimating changes in gastric blood flow by direct measurement of gastric venous return through the splenic vein. Blood flow, attending depression of gastric wall temperature to 15–16°C was decreased by a mean value of 66.2% in those animals where some venous collateral was retained and by 68% where total venous isolation was achieved. Flows increased to 48°C. Return of gastric wall temperature to 38°C was followed by restitution of flows to approximately control levels.

Evidence obtained by 2 methods in the intact dog indicate that liver is not involved in terminating the anticoagulant action of exogenously administered heparin. Liver extracts reported to contain a heparin inactivating enzyme were found to influence heparin only by a binding mechanism.

Sodium heparin is partially absorbed from the lumen of a washed duodenal loop in the dog following addition of acid buffer of pH 4.

Genetically dystrophic chickens contain significantly more crude fat in the superficial pectoral muscle (% of wet sample) than do normal chickens. An increased fat deposition is noted as early as 15 weeks of age and is associated with physical manifestation of dystrophy resembling certain muscular dystrophies in man. Females deposit more crude fat than males.

FSH and LH from human pituitaries have been isolated with high specific activities. Both FSH and LH had uterine weight increasing activity in immature rats and mice. The FSH had approximately the same activity as porcine and ovine FSH, however, LH was 10 times as active as pure ovine LH.

1. The mortality rate of mice infected with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was increased considerably by sublethal doses of LPSP. 2. Very small quantities of LPSP had no effect on such mice.

In a series of animals with esophageal temperatures reduced to 10°C or lower by core cooling, ventricular fibrillation has been regularly prevented with intravenous infusion of quinidine.

1. A white rat displayed in constant low illumination a rhythm of spontaneous running of precise lunar-day frequency over 60-day study. This obviously resulted in accurate monthly recurrence of daily running patterns. 2. Activity was high during hours the moon was below the horizon, and low when above. Spontaneous running at first lunar hour was 6 times that at 11th hour. Correlation between average lunar-day cycles for 2 consecutive months was +0.70 ± 0.11. and mean cycle for each month was quite similar to earlier published lunar-day cycle in the rat. 3. Superimposed upon the dominant lunar-day periodism were minor, transient, solar-day patterns of locomotor activity, terminating spontaneously or through apparent submergence in the larger amplitude, lunar-day cycles. 4. Since these 2 basic periodisms in rat activity, solar-day and lunar-day, are the same frequencies as the widely, and probably universally, distributed exogenous metabolic periodisms, they are considered simple behavioral expressions of a fundamental exogenous “clock-system” from which regular physiological rhythms of other than natural frequencies, often present, may be derived by the organism.

The above results show that maleuric acid, at dosage level used, has at least 3 effects on cell cycle in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. It prevents incorporation of tri-tiated thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid, inhibits progression of premitotic cells into mitosis, and causes severe mitotic abnormalities which seem to result in a metaphase block.

1. Decreased lipoprotein lipase response in obstructive jaundice in man has been confirmed by complete ligation of the common bile duct in dogs. 2. Subsequent increased lipoprotein lipase response in these dogs after chronic complete cholestasis of 4 to 10 weeks is attributed to development of biliary cirrhosis. 3. While lipoprotein lipase response was generally inversely proportional to total serum lipids, cholesterol, and lipid phosphorus levels, this relationship was by no means absolute. 4. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms for decreased lipoprotein lipase response in obstructive jaundice have been discussed. These mechanisms are being investigated.

A diet is described which produces a severe Vit. K deficiency in the rat in less than 10 days. The deficiency was manifested by prolonged plasma prothrombin times and hemorrhages. Daily menadione supplementation protected rats from the deficiency. Coprophagy appeared to be the means by which Vit. K synthesized by the intestinal microflora becomes available to the rat.

1) Rapid intravenous injection in monkeys of adequate doses of Mikedimide (3, 3, methylethyl glutarimide) induced clinical convulsions which were readily controlled by intravenous barbiturates. 2) Thresholds for clinical convulsions were lower in epileptic than in normal monkeys. 3) A challenge dose (4 mg/kg) is suggested as one capable of producing clinical seizures in epileptic but not in non-epileptic monkeys.

A method is described which permits isolation of acid soluble nucleotides of the small intestinal mucosa. This procedure entails bathing intestine mucosa, in situ, with ice cold perchloric acid. In this manner, mucosa tissue is fixed while still in optimal nutritional state. The tissue so obtained gives a nucleotide pattern which both quantitatively and qualitatively resembles that of other normal well nurtured tissues.

Analyses of brain and carcass of normal and lathyritic chick embryos for free hydroxyproline, proline, glycine, and total ninhydrin reactive material are reported. At 10 days development, 6 days after BAPN administration, no obvious alterations in these parameters were found although embryos were grossly malformed. At 17 days of development, 13 days after treatment, a reversal in ratios of proline to hydroxyproline was found; proline concentration fell, and that of hydroxyproline rose in both brain and carcass of lathyritic embryos as compared to the normals. A rise in free glycine concentration resulted in unchanged ratio of glycine to hydroxyproline.

2'AMP inhibits placental 17 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and steroid mediated pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. This inhibition is due to the 2'structure and occurs in transhydrogenation which does not involve TPN.

Transient renal responses to close arterial instantaneous injections of NaH₂PO₄ and creatinine were studied in phosphate-loaded dogs. The increment of phosphate excretion per unit injected per one circulation of injected substance was greater than that of creatinine. Such a finding, interpreted as net minimal secretion of phosphate into the renal tubule, was found in 8 consecutive experiments.

ECHO type 6 virus was isolated from whole blood and serum obtained 3 days after onset and on 2nd day of paralysis of fatal illness in which there were no meningeal signs. Virus could not be demonstrated in pharyngeal secretions, stools, CSF and postmortem materials. Neutralizing antibodies were not present in the virus-containing serum.

Antibody synthesis at 25°C was compared with that at 35°C in the lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. After 2 weeks immunization against S. typhosa, H-agglutinin titers of 1:80 to 1:640 were demonstrable in animals maintained at 35°C. At 25°C, on the other hand antibody level did not exceed 1:10 if detectable. Increasing temperature of 25°C group to 35°C for one week caused a relative increase in antibody synthesis. Thus, antibody synthesis in this species appears dependent on environmental temperature.

Two modifications of a staphylococcal hemagglutination test, utilizing protease for treatment of erythrocytes or Coombs'antiserum, are described and are more sensitive than the basic hemagglutination method for titration of staphylococcal antibodies in human gamma globulin and serum. These antibodies probably are directed against an antigen of the Rantz type, as the antigen is heat stable at acid and labile at alkaline pH and since both Staphylococcus aureus and B. subtilis, in contrast to E. coli and Staphylococcus citreus, remove antibodies from human gamma globulin. The significance of the data is discussed.

1. Succesful pneumococcal transformation in vivo has been achieved by injecting the transforming preparation subcutaneously and the live avirulent culture intraperitoneally. 2. The transforming activity of a vaccine preparation lasted in vivo at least 24 hours. 3. Transforming preparations active in vivo have been prepared from a lysate of a culture of strain A-66 (Type III). This preparation was inactivated by mild protein denaturation. 4. The genetic marker of streptomycin resistance was transferred between pneumococcal strains in vivo.

1. The mouse is a suitable animal for collection of thoracic duct lymph in the partially-restrained unanesthetized state. 2. Initial values for lymph flow and lymphocyte output did not vary significantly in the unanesthetized as compared to the anesthetized mouse. 3. A continuous decrease in lymph flow and lymphocyte output from the thoracic duct occurred over a 24-hour period in the unanesthetized mouse. 4. Values for thoracic duct lymph flow and lymphocyte output did not vary significantly, whether collected from the neck or abdomen.

Cytological changes occurring in cultures of feline renal cells infected with virus of feline viral rhinotracheitis are described. The features of cytopathogenicity of this virus are (1) development of intranuclear inclusion bodies; (2) formation of giant cells; and (3) a slight reduction in metabolic rate of infected cells.

Coagulating lesions in posterior portion of midbrain and level of rostral pons of female rats resulted in increased corticosterone secretion into adrenal venous effluent in response to surgical stress. Lesions in posterior diencephalon and rostral midbrain structures resulted in depressed corticosterone secretion. Adrenal ascorbic acid response to stress was not correlated with corticosterone response. Ovulation was blocked in rats with brain lesions in any of these areas where concomitant mammillary peduncle damage was present.

Cortisol plus insulin, and to some extent insulin alone, maintained normal and hyperplastic mouse mammary lobules in organ culture in a defined medium.

1. Previous intravenous injection of antigen and antibody prevents development of passive Arthus reaction to an unrelated immune system in guinea pigs. 2. This suppressive effect does not seem to depend on C'depletion but rather on deficiency of platelets in circulating blood.

Positive air ions depress ciliary activity of trachea of monkeys and man, while negative ions increase it.

Liver weights of rats bearing 40–60 g Walker carcinosarcoma 256 tumors were directly correlated with changes in carcass weight of host. Removal of 70% of liver during rapid growth of tumor resulted in a gain in carcass weight without affecting growth of the tumor.

1. Antibodies to rabbit connective tissue have been induced in the guinea pig. 2. Connective tissue extracts from aged rabbits had greater antigenicity than from young animals. 3. Anticonnective tissue serum crossreacted with the cytoplasmic fraction of rabbit leukocytes. 4. Chemical characteristics of the antigenic component of connective tissue remain incompletely explored.

In monkeys injected intrathecally with ECHO virus 6 and 16, clinical signs of muscle weakness, pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid and development of homologous neutralizing antibodies were observed. These reactions were not detected in 2 animals inoculated in comparable manner with suspensions of these viruses which had been heated at 65°C for one half hour.

Intravenous administration of a fat emulsion has been found to accelerate substantially the formation of a fibrin clot in isolated venous segments of anesthetized dogs. This finding is interpreted as implying that induced lipemia may contribute to, or result in, an in vivo hypercoagulable state.

Small doses of fed cholesterol-4-C¹⁴ lead to labeling of cholesterol fractions of mucosa and lymph without increase in level or turnover rate of free cholesterol pool of the mucosa or in amount of cholesterol in lymph. Feeding tracer dose with sodium taurocholate and oleic acid increases the turnover rate of pool which leads to an increased amount of labeled and unlabeled cholesterol in lymph.

Duck hepatitis virus (DHV) survived storage for at least 21 days at 37°C. It survived treatment with di-ethyl ether and with fluorocarbon. DHV has been propagated through 25 consecutive passages in tissue cultures prepared with chick embryo explants. It was not propagated in cultures of trypsinized chick embryo cells or in cell lines of mammalian origin.

Intracarotid injections of hypertonic saline and sugar solutions in the dog induce characteristic synchronous EEG changes in the olfactory bulb which are independent of influences from the olfactory epithelium or the rest of brain. In the intact brain, these osmosensitive elements in the bulb transmit their nervous impulses caudally along olfactory pathways, but their influence on the supraoptico-neurohypophysial system is unknown.

1) Phenol extraction of Type I poliovirus yielded a plaque-forming agent which is presumably ribonucleic acid (RNA) because it is inactivated by RNAase. Such ribonucleic acid derived from Type I (Mahoney) poliovirus induces formation of plaque-forming agent in the embryonated egg, inoculated by amniotic route. The plaqueforming agent recovered from embryo tissue, sacs, and fluids has been identified as type specific, Type I poliovirus. Highest yields occurred at 6 to 8 hours after inoculation of eggs with polio-RNA. 2) Polio-RNA exposed to RNAase immediately before inoculation into embryonated eggs failed to incite formation of plaque-forming agent. This establishes that it is RNA itself, and not some undetectable trace of intact virus, which incites production of whole virus in the egg. 3) Propagation of virus recovered from eggs by further passage in embryonated egg have not succeeded. 4) This demonstration of production of Type I poliovirus from nucleic acid in the embryonated egg, without subsequent multiplication, provides a system for biochemical study of genesis of whole virus from its nucleic acid. An advantage of the system is that the inciting agent (infectious RNA) can be differentiated completely, by its susceptibility to the action of RNAase, from whole virus progeny.

1. In cats and rats, pentobarbital anesthetized and unanesthetized, a definite hypoglycemia was evoked with intravenously administered chlorpropamide. 2. Reversal of induced hypoglycemia was obtained wtih succinylcholine in intact rat and cat, but not in adrenalectomized cat. 3. Experiments performed with ether, reserpine and epinephrine, further supported the view that this antagonism was mediated through the adrenal gland.

Cockerels were fed during an 8 week period with cholesterol (2%) and cottonseed oil (5%) enriched diet. Parallel to increase of serum and liver lipids and C/P ratio, there was a significant rise of S³⁵ uptake by the sulphated mucopolysaccharides of the aorta.

1. Effect of various bile acids on intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol has been investigated in lymph-fistula rats. 2. Cholanic, lithocholic, and deoxycholic acids, with none, one and 2 hydroxyl radicals, respectively, produced no increase in lymph cholesterol over the control group. 3. Conjugated bile salts, glycocholate and taurocholate gave comparable significant elevations in total lymph cholesterol/24 hours. 4. Cholic acid with 3 free hydroxyl groups and an unconjugated carboxyl radical was the most effective bile acid in promoting cholesterol absorption from the intestine.

A fluorescent-antibody technic for serodiagnosis of American trypanosomiasis is presented. While nonspecific staining regularly occurs in tests using dried smears of trypanosomes, specificity is excellent when reactions are conducted in test tubes and drying of organisms is prevented. Serologic findings indicate the fluorescent-antibody procedure, used either independently or in conjunction with the complement fixation reaction, can play an important role in serodiagnosis of T. cruzi infection. An improved method for purifying antibody prior to conjugation with fluorescein also is given. Advantages of purification by isoelectric precipitation with dilute HCl over ammonium sulfate as a precipitant are noted.

By means of countercurrent distribution and paper chromatography, estrone, estradiol and estriol were separated from extracts of one to 2 liters of human pregnancy plasma, quantitated and identified by fluorimetric and isotopic technics. Concentration of estrone and estriol remained more nearly constant (3–9 μg/100 ml of plasma) through second and third trimesters, but the concentration of estradiol varied from 0–8 μg/100 ml.

Triiodothyronine enhances the lethal action of endotoxin in mice. It is postulated that this enhancement is associated with anoxia, caused by vasoconstriction and subsequent hypotension that is induced by the endotoxin; and the increased demand for oxygen that is produced by triiodothyronine.

A large decrease in cytoplasmic pyroninophilia and thioninophilia resulted from digestion of formalin-fixed monkey kidney tissue culture with either chymotrypsin or ribonuclease. This pair of enzymes decreased cytoplasmic pyroninophilia and thioninophilia more than either enzyme alone. Digestion of similar cultures with desoxyribonuclease gave a large decrease in nuclear pyroninophilia and thioninophilia. The effects of these 3 enzymes on pyroninophilia of these cells were more clearly shown when a purified pyronin was used.

Human leukemic bone-marrow-derived (MCN) cells and human epidermoid carcinoma cells, (HeLa) and (H. Ep #1), have been continuously cultured over 1 year as suspended cell populations in a magnetstirred fluid medium. This method of cultivation is a practical means of providing large numbers of freely suspended tissue cells for immunochemical and other studies. Cell multiplication for all 3 strains studied is characterized by: a) an initial lag phase of 2–3 days, b) a phase of active cell multiplication, reaching maximum concentrations around 9–10 days, and c) a phase beginning around 12 days with no further increase in cell numbers. Under conditions described, maximum cell yields were obtained by collecting one-half the cells from populations in phase (b) each 3–4 days.

Radioautographs of early neural tube of chick embryos treated with thymidine-H³ for varying intervals of time give evidence substantiating the concept of inter-kinetic migration of nuclei. Synthesis of DNA occurs only in nuclei of peripheral part of wall, and does not take place in those of juxta-luminal zone. The period of DNA synthesis continues for at least 4 hours, but does not extend much beyond this time.

Serum deaminase activity was elevated in 15% of a group of 55 patients with proven cancer. Extent of elevation was shown to parallel tumor growth and clinical condition of patient. These findings are similar to those obtained for other serum enzymes.

1. In mature virgin rats, daily subcutaneous injections of 20 μg reserpine or .5 mg serotonin creatinine sulfate base/kg BW for 5 days, following daily injections of 10 μg estradiol for 10 days, initiated milk secretion in 14 out of 15 rats and induced growth of mammary lobuloalveolar tissue. When either drug was injected with estradiol for 10 days, mammary growth was greater than with estradiol alone, but there was little evidence of milk secretion. Injections of reserpine or serotonin alone for 21 days failed to elicit mammary growth or secretion. 2. In rats following litter removal on 4th day after parturition, milk secretion ceased and mammary glands showed pronounced involution 10 days later. Injections of 10 or 20 μg reserpine or .5 mg serotonin creatinine sulfate base for 10 days following litter removal, retarded mammary involution and maintained secretory function. 3. It is concluded that in estrogen-primed virgin rats or in post-partum rats after litter removal, reserpine and serotonin stimulate secretion of prolactin and perhaps other factors by the pituitary favorable to mammary growth and lactation.

Serum obtained from trypan blue-treated rats showed an abnormal protein band between α-1 and α-2 globulin on paper electrophoresis, which could best be separated at pH 9.2. The compound appeared within one hour and was present for several days. The quantity of this material in serum was greater than that of α-2 globulin as short as 1 hour after trypan blue injection and seemed to increase with repeated injections of trypan blue. The compound was not formed in vitro by liver slices, erythrocytes or serum when incubated with trypan blue.

Rat submaxillary-sublingual and parotid gland secretions, collected directly from salivary ducts for initial period of 3 minutes during stimulation by subcutaneously administered pilocarpine, exhibit patterns of sodium-potassium concentration that differ markedly from each other. Submaxillary-sublingual saliva is essentially hypo-osmotic to serum, with sodium concentration of 12 meq/1 and K of 53 meq/1, while parotid saliva has a total sodium-potassium concentration above that of serum (Na, 142 meq/1; K 18.5 meq/1). A broad correlation between gland sodium and potassium levels, together with changes on stimulation, and levels of these electrolytes in secretions from these glands is indicated.

Certain strains of B. megaterium produce capsules consisting of polysaccharide and lacking polypeptide if cultured in a synthetic medium containing glucose and nitrate as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. The capsules give a specific capsular reaction with the same homologous antibody as that which reacts with the cell wall.

Our previous results, demonstrating with crude trypsin the digestibility of B. megaterium and the non-digestibility of B. cereus, could be confirmed with crystalline trypsin only by pretreating the bacteria with fat solvents or by adding lipase to it. The surface of B. cereus is different from that of B. megaterium; a lipid material can be removed from the surface of the later one which renders the bacterial protoplasts accessible to the action of proteolytic enzymes.

The anti-vitamins, i.e. pantoyltaurine and pyrithiamine, inhibited ascorbic acid biosynthesis from acetoacetate and glucose in germinating mung beans indicating a blocking of the condensation reaction of acetoacetate with glucose to form GCA. The corresponding vitamins reversed the inhibition by antivitamins. That pyrithiamine and pantoyl-taurine inhibited synthesis of ascorbic acid in presence of GCA, and the corresponding vitamins reversed the inhibition. Cocarboxylase and CoA, of which thiamine and pantothenic acids are the constituents, are involved in both the condensation reaction of glucose with acetoacetate to form GCA and in the further metabolism of GCA to ascorbic acid.

Thin sections of rabbit papillomas reveal pools of dense virus particles in only highly keratinized cells. Viral bodies were readily distinguishable only in papillomas which had been soaked in glycerine-saline for some time. Viral bodies in fresh warts were masked by keratin, melanin and other granules. The bodies are spherical with a non-homogeneous density. They appeared to vary from 25 to 35 mμ in diameter, the most frequent size being 33 mμ. Particles in tissues soaked 1 year or 6 years were identical and equally active in test animals. Sectioned pellets of virus purified by a fluorocarbon process revealed the same particles as those seen in the tissue.

In the course of passage of P. lophurae in ducklings by weekly transfer of infected blood, a contaminating infective agent appeared which inhibited malarial infection and caused rapid death of ducks. The agent was present in plasma of infected birds and was readily separated from malaria parasites. It was a filterable virus, producing, in ducks inoculated with appropriate doses, a rapidly fatal disease characterized especially by enlargement and necrosis of the spleen. This spleen necrosis virus was neutralized by serum from a recovered immune duck but not by antiserum to duck hepatitis virus. In ducklings simultaneously inoculated with P. lophurae and a suitable dose of spleen necrosis virus, development of malaria parasites was retarded and many of them appeared abnormal.

The extremely low correlation found in these experiments suggests that the propulsive motility of small intestine is essentially independent of that of the stomach.

In vivo localization of antibodies prepared in rabbits against rat kidney was determined by immunohistochemical procedures. Fixation to high concentration was observed in certain structures of ovary and spleen as well as in kidney and adrenal. A lower concentration was observed on structures in thyroid, lymph node and liver, whereas none was seen in testes, lung, skin, brain and heart. Localization of these antibodies in vivo is quite different from that observed by treating tissue sections in vitro with the antibody. In the latter case, many more structures are stained.

Human C'3 has been resolved into 2 factors, C'_a and C'_b. These factors acted in the order C'_a, C'_b, in the conversion of EAhuC'_A to E∗. Formation and decay of a new intermediate complex between sensitized erythrocytes and human complement, EAhuC'_B has been demonstrated.