Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space

Despite China's rapid economic growth and embedding into global value chains, not much is known about the primary places where buyers and sellers from China and abroad meet, do business, and circulate information and knowledge: That is, the national/international trade fairs in the country. Previous reports suggest that the number and size of such events in China is growing and that the trade fair business is in the process of catching up. Under these circumstances, trade fairs may develop into import or export events, where buyers and sellers engage in transactions, or into temporary clusters, where they exchange knowledge for industrial upgrading and innovation. In this context this paper explores the interaction and communication patterns of firms at Chinese trade fairs and investigates whether these events are similar to those in Europe and North America. The analysis involves systematic comparison of the communication and interaction practices at three national/international trade fairs in Shanghai and Chengdu, based on a total of 102 semistructured interviews.

Contract is crucial for governing the relationships between asset owners and the many types of agents that underpin the production of financial services. We distinguish between discrete contracts for financial services and investment management contracts that are better described as relational in the sense that they are open ended and subject to renegotiation between the parties. Emphasis is placed upon the significance of risk and uncertainty in financial markets and the ways in which the parties to contracts adapt to these conditions. This provides the backdrop for understanding three different types of contractual arrangements apparent in the investment management industry, bringing to the fore the significance of the choice of jurisdiction when writing contracts for investment services. We explain how and why the UK is a favoured destination for European institutions just as offshore jurisdictions, such as the Cayman Islands, may be the favoured ‘home’ jurisdictions for certain types of UK and global investment managers. At the heart of the relationship between asset owners and asset managers is the power of these parties when choosing the type of contract and the jurisdiction which is the favoured location for formalising these relationships.

This paper reviews the planning process for a Scottish prison located near a former mining village. Analysing the letters of objection submitted by residents offers an opportunity to explore local views about prison and community and to relate these to the unique social and spatial history of the area. The planning process itself structured how residents were able to express themselves and defined what counted as a relevant objection. After deconstructing this process, the paper then restores and uses as a framework for analysis three geographies of objection stripped from local responses to the development proposal: The emotional, temporal, and spatial. Emotional expressions of objection added intensity and gave meaning to claims about the historical decline of the region and also conveyed a deep sense of the proposed building site as a lived space. Particular grounds of opposition—over fear of strangers, the fragility of a local orchid, and the pollution from mining—provide an opportunity to explore the complex nature of place meaning and community identity, ultimately leading to a conclusion that the meaning of place is always in flux. The paper argues that Simmel's classic concept of the stranger, as the outsider who comes to stay, offers a useful analytic in understanding how the quality of proximal remoteness that prisons and other unwanted developments constitute participates in a constantly evolving sense of the local.

Recent academic critiques of poverty have pointed to the need to pay more attention to the relations between the material, social, and cultural dimensions of poverty as well as to the lived worlds of those on low income. This paper addresses these themes by exploring the ways in which people living in situations of material poverty discuss their everyday lives. Drawing on survey and interview materials from a recent study of poverty in rural Wales, the paper illustrates how people on low income construct their lives more in relation to their social and cultural worlds than to issues of low income and material deprivation. Key findings from the study reveal important disconnections between material and sociocultural aspects of rural poverty, with community belonging and attachment to landscape appearing more significant than material hardship and social exclusion within poor people's narratives of their everyday lives. Community belonging is also bound up with particular moral discourses of welfare and rurality that act to perpetuate situations of material poverty within rural places.

Current policies and practices in biodiversity conservation have been increasingly influenced by neoliberal approaches since the 1990s. The authors focus on the principle of transparency as a self-proclaimed basis of neoliberal environmental governance, and on the role of standardized science-based measurements which it purportedly affords. The authors introduce the term ‘measurementality’ to signify the governance logic that emerges when transparency comes to stand next to effectiveness and efficiency as neoliberal principles and to highlight the connections that are forged between economic, managerial, and technocratic discourses. The example of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is used to discuss the role of measurementality in global biodiversity governance. The analysis suggests that IPBES aims to coordinate the science–policy interface in order to optimize the generation of user-friendly knowledge of those elements of biodiversity that are considered politically and economically relevant: At the current economic juncture, these being in essence ecosystem services. Based on these findings, the authors proceed by critically reflecting on the ways in which the measurementality logic of IPBES may not only result in an impoverishment of the biodiversity research agenda, but also in an impoverished understanding of biodiversity itself. To conclude, the authors argue that measurementality is part and parcel of the neoliberal paradigm in which science produces the raw materials for subsequent control and exchange and that, as a result, the intersection of science, discourse, policy, and economics within these governance systems requires sustained critical scrutiny.

This paper focuses on an unprecedented bark beetle epidemic in British Columbia, Canada. The epidemic has killed vast areas of forests, with significant impacts to ecosystems and timber-dependent communities. Explanations of this outbreak continue to overlook or underemphasize important actors and relationships. This paper offers a more detailed explanation of the actors and processes involved in the outbreak and associated responses. Political ecology was applied to guide this analysis, emphasizing both the ecological and social factors involved. Research methods entailed an extensive literature review and over seventy interviews with scientists, policy makers, land managers, and elected officials. Findings illustrate how the outbreak involved many actors, beyond bark beetles and trees, and resulted from complex interactions between ecological and social factors. This study also reveals how actors that prioritized short-term economic gains shaped the conditions that fostered the outbreak and continue to constrain responses. This study illustrates how applications of political ecology that give increased attention to ecology are necessary to fully understand the drivers of environmental change.

Refugees are often one of the most economically and socially excluded groups in host countries. The policy of integration attempts to address different elements of exclusion, yet relatively little research has considered what integration means to the refugees themselves. This paper explores one key area for supporting integration: Employment. Understandings of integration are advanced by exploring how a group of twenty-six Tamil refugees and nineteen people who worked with refugees in the UK perceived an underlying rhetoric of anticipated gratitude within the policies around refugees. These perspectives are theorised within a framework of hospitality. The participants believed that refugees were expected to be grateful to the host society, and subsequently felt a debt for what the host society had given them: safety and education. However, they also identified frustration towards the host society where they felt marginalised or discrimination. It is possible to analyse employment as both an opportunity to give back, and something for which to be grateful. However, gratitude may not necessarily be felt towards the host society. If employment is found through the ethnic community, gratitude is likely to be concentrated there, rather than in the wider society. For the refugee participants in this research, asylum is a debt which can rarely be fully repaid, leaving them to seek acceptance and respect beyond the tolerance they are offered.

During the past few years there has been a growing consensus in the literature that intangible assets represent a major source of productivity growth. Intangibles facilitate the accumulation of knowledge and information via learning and innovation, allowing, in this way, modern economies to improve the efficiency with which they utilise their resources. Nonetheless, despite the proliferation of studies that investigate the territorial impact of intangibles (variously defined), the full effect of these assets on regional productivity dynamics remains elusive. National Accounts still treat most of what can be considered intangibles as intermediate expenditure entailing that they are largely excluded from conventional measures of gross value added (GVA) and investment. The present paper attempts to tackle this shortcoming not only by including intangibles as capital in the aggregate production function, but also by employing GVA data that are adjusted for intangibles as output. The aim is to investigate the role of intangible assets on the evolution of regional productivity disparities in Great Britain during the period 1995–2004. The analysis considers the spatial effects of intangibles on both partial productivity measures and total factor productivity levels, while the regional figures are also scrutinised for the possible presence of σ-convergence and β-convergence trends during this time.

Concern about diet and access to healthy foodstuffs is felt worldwide. The introduction of large retailers, with low prices and wide product ranges, to poor access areas has been seen as a solution. We apply quantile regression to data related to one such opening, the Seacroft Intervention Study in the United Kingdom, allowing consideration at different levels of the fruit and vegetable consumption distribution. For residents with easy access to the new store, captured using Ordnance Survey Integrated Transport Network for improved representation of shoppers' journeys, a significant average increase of half a portion per day was found, increasing to 0.7 portions or more for households with no car access. However moving away from the average effects considered in the literature thus far, shopping at the new store is significant only for those at the top end of the distribution and, importantly, not for those whose diets were previously poor. Attitudes to healthy eating, relative cost of fruit and vegetables, and deprivation are shown to be key factors at lower intake levels. Access remains a significant determinant of consumption. Hence we urge caution in accepting the conclusion that new supermarkets can benefit all, and suggest that policy makers should consider more targeted measures to help improve the worst diets.

Developing new road infrastructure can be problematic in the face of environmental quality ambitions. These conflicts can even undermine the development of such new infrastructure, as occurred, for example, in the Netherlands in the mid-2000s as a result of European Union air quality standards. To govern the conflict between transport policies and air quality regulations, a National Cooperation Programme on Air Quality (NSL) was developed in The Netherlands. This programme relies on a collaborative governance approach between various government agencies on national, regional, and local levels. As such, it involves a relative shift away from central government coordination towards a reliance on more decentralized governance networks. Within these networks, coordination is expected to result from bottom-up self-governance processes by interacting actors that emerge from either competition and market processes or active actor participation. Theory shows two important risks of such a shift: (i) actors might behave opportunistically, and (ii) in case of problems, assigning problem ownership and responsibility to specific actors may be difficult. This paper aims to gain insight into the NSL's response to these risks. We monitored the NSL from 2009 to 2012, mainly through a series of interviews and expert workshops. Our research shows that the NSL contains the kind of ‘checks and balances’ that allows it to respond to the first risk. However, we will show that these mechanisms are merely expressions of intent. Furthermore, the NSL proves to be prone to the second identified risk, in that it is unclear who is responsible for the follow-up on these intentions, while rewards or sanctions are nonexistent. As it is, the NSL teaches us that, in order for more collaborative and decentralized forms of governance to function, involved actors on both central and lower levels of government paradoxically require coordinative instruments to enable coordination, to hold each other accountable for their performance, and to establish rules and sanctions.

Despite an increasing interest in issues surrounding environmental equity, much research evidence to date is based on studies adopting cross-sectional approaches which do not adequately capture the processes and mechanisms generating inequities. Longitudinal studies may better inform policy measures to remedy inequity between populations, but the few that have been undertaken have mostly been focused solely on environmental risks—ignoring access to amenities. As a case study, we adopt a longitudinal approach in this work to investigate the association between sociodemographic indicators and public park provision over an eighteen-year period in the city of Yokohama, Japan. We show that inequities in park provision are present over the whole time period. Hedonic modelling shows that park accessibility is positively associated with house and land prices in the city. Our results suggested some, relatively weak, evidence of two causal processes: New parks are located in more affluent communities; yet new parks also appear to encourage further move-in of affluent populations. We suggest that park provision by administrative authorities in less-affluent neighbourhoods may be required to maintain equity in access to these valuable community resources. Economic incentives, such as subsidy provision, may have a role to play to encourage park provision by developers.

Road networks are instrumental in resource allocation and preevacuation, and profoundly affect disaster response and recovery, particularly emergent-disaster logistics and island rescues. Disruptions to road networks impair daily operations, irrespective of whether they are damaged by external forces or failures in interacting elements. However, functional interdependency is absent from transportation vulnerability assessments. This study thus constructed a framework to assess the interdependent vulnerability of road network failures. Based on eleven fragile factors developed in the literature and an empirical case study in the Taipei metropolitan area, road network vulnerability is determined by fuzzy cognitive maps and geographic information systems for functional and spatial interactions, respectively. The analytical results indicate that road network vulnerability is underestimated if the interdependency is neglected. Delay time on the shortest substitution, level of service on adjacent links, and inaccessibility to hospital emergency centers significantly affect vulnerability. Whereas certain socioeconomic resilience is performed in the short term, spatial–functional interdependency dilutes those effects in the long term. The framework developed facilitates decision makers in understanding interdependent vulnerabilities and adopting appropriate strategies to improve vulnerability.

Research from social and environmental psychology has shown that identification by residents with a place leads to numerous desirable outcomes like increased commitment and residential satisfaction. Thus, in the competition for residents, cities focus on building a favorable identity of a place to increase identification with the place. However, little is known regarding the predictors of resident-city identification and their link to desirable outcomes. We thus present an interdisciplinary model which outlines determinants and outcomes of identification and which integrates theories from geography, psychology, and organizational science to introduce a new theoretical perspective to the field of urban research. We propose that a strong resident-city identification results from a fit between the city prototype and the resident's self-concept. In this relationship, perceived place complexity is a central variable. We develop research propositions and suggest an agenda for testing the model empirically. Finally, we discuss how increasing resident-city identification by using a more complex communication can benefit both the city and its inhabitants.

The literature concerning local opposition to wind turbine developments has relatively few case studies exploring the felt impacts of people living with turbines in their daily lives. Aitken even suggests that such residents are subtly or overtly cast as deviants in the current literature. Our mixed-methods, grounded-theory case study of two communities in Ontario, Canada provides insights about such residents though twenty-six face-to-face in-depth interviews, 152 questionnaires, and basic spatial analysis involving locals who have been living with operating turbines for several years. Despite being neighbours the communities differ on several measures including the spatial clustering of turbines. Opposition is significantly predicted by: Health, siting process, economic benefits, and visual aesthetic variables. Though a majority supports the turbines we focus on the interplay of that majority with those experiencing negative impacts, particularly related to health. We highlight an asymmetry of impacts at the local level on those who oppose turbines, which is supported by rhetorical conflict at multiple scales. The findings point to the need for greater attention to mitigating impacts, including conflict, by understanding how siting policies interact with social processes at the local level.