Introduction

While lifelong immunosuppressive therapy is pivotal for liver transplant recipients, nonadherence driven by complex biological, psychological, and social challenges remains a significant clinical problem. This study explored recipients’ experiences with immunosuppressive therapy within the framework of the biopsychosocial model.

Methods

This descriptive qualitative study included 16 liver transplant recipients recruited via purposive sampling at a hospital in the Aegean region of Türkiye. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Following an inductive identification of themes, a deductive mapping approach was employed to integrate the findings within the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of the biopsychosocial model.

Results

Recipients’ mean age was 54.56 ± 13.47 years. The analysis revealed 2 main themes and 7 subthemes. In the biological dimension, recipients viewed medications as a “way to survive,” though physical quality of life was compromised by persistent “side effects.” The psychological dimension was characterized by “doubts” and “psychological effects,” where recipients developed hypervigilance toward bodily sensations and experienced anxiety regarding missed doses. Within the social dimension, the theme “a difficult situation” highlighted how rigid medication schedules and fear of infection led to restricted social participation. Recipients described the development of “improving health and coping behaviors,” utilizing individualized strategies and social supports to maintain adherence.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the complex interplay between the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of medication experiences. Although participants view medications as a vital necessity, they experience adherence challenges due to psychological difficulties and social limitations, highlighting the need for holistic support strategies.